The reality of a divided statehood that Republic of China (R.O.C) had faced by losing its legitimacy dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s raised a question of how R.O.C had dealt with issues concerning sovereignty with its allies. In attempt to answer the question and by having an insight into the transformation of R.O.C's diplomatic model happened before the late 1980s, this article has analyzed the case of the territorial issue of Spratly and Paracel Islands between R.O.C and Republic of Vietnam(R.O.V) during 1955-1975. By analyzing the case, there are five conclusions below were established. 1. The case revealed the predicament in between the national interest and the anticommunist partnership; 2. By facing the dilemma, the government of R.O.C was forced to either lay aside China's one nation idea or Anticommunism, whereas both of which were supposed to be the guidelines of R.O.C' s diplomacy. The difficult situation had verified the theory of "the diplomacy of the divided nation." 3. The case represented the fact that a divided nation had a fundamental problem of the lack of legitimacy. In order to defend R.O.C's "international legitimacy" or "domestic legitimacy", the core values or basic national policy ("national interest" or "anti-communism") was twisted or set aside respectively. 4. Once it was difficult to reconcile the demand of "international legitimacy" and the desire of "domestic legitimacy," the authorities often preferred "domestic legitimacy," which shows the R.O.C required "one nation idea" justly than "anti-communism." 5. "The diplomacy of the divide nation" had obviously violated R.O.C's diplomatic guideline which regarded "one nation idea" and "anti-communism" as indispensable principles. In doing so, "the diplomacy of the divided nation" had provided a fertile ground for the new diplomacy era of Pragmatic Diplomacy since the late 1980s. The abovementioned conclusions have revealed values of both the particular history and the case of sovereignty issue s over Spratly and Paracel Islands between R.O.V and R.O.C.