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題名：國內維權，國際賦權，與跨國倡權：基督新教的跨國倡議運動與兩岸三地的宗教人權
書刊名：政治學報
作者：王韻
作者(外文)：Wang, Ray
出版日期：2015
卷期：59
頁次：頁55-80
主題關鍵詞：國際賦權；跨國倡議；宗教人權；基督新教；International empowerment；Transnational advocacy；Religious human rights；Protestantism
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 共同引用共同引用:64
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賦權（empowerment）是討論社會運動與人權提升議題上的熱門觀念，但現在以西方的語彙與非政府組織為主導的模式，在許多後殖民國家面臨重大的挑戰，尤其無法回答如何面對在市民社會不成熟、社會組織被國家控制與限制、國際參與合作被禁止的不利情勢下賦權的問題。基督新教在兩岸三地展現爭取宗教人權的案例幫助回答了這個問題，展現了一個與西方傳統途徑相當不同的模式。兩岸三地的實踐本質上己形成一個跨境的、爭取宗教人權提升的共同體，只是在實際做為上，行動者傾向在高舉普世價值與利用跨國網絡做為武器的同時，技巧性地選擇國內維權的詞彙、隱藏與境外連結的管道以避免坐實民族主義者批判的罪名，以此迴避傳統模式中常見「被外國人賦權」這樣的缺陷。宗教自由本是從西方基督教歷史中發展出來的概念，有關宗教人權的提升長期以來更為西方國家中的人權團體所主導，兩岸三地基督新教的倡權運動顯現一種對傳統宗教自由的觀念的挑戰，回應與修正以西方社會為主體的策略，這些發展曾在臺灣的民主化過程中展現效果，對香港與大陸公民社會的未來也可能有所影響，值得所有關心兩岸三地民主與自由發展的人對此更加注意。
Considering recent social movements and public protests worldwide, ＂Empowerment＂ has become one of most controversial issues. International empowerment often involves human rights discourse and NGOs from the West, which are not popular in many post-colonial societies. The empowerment approach has been proven useful in the past but faces great difficulties in those countries because it fails to provide solutions in such societies where NGOs are often co-opted and international engagement is under scrutiny of the powerful states. Protestant activism in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China demonstrates a possible solution to this problem. In fact, these activists and religious organizations develop their transnational networks of activism and embraces universal principles of human rights, while in public they choose to use the discourse of civil rights and conceal their outside engagement in order to avoid the common ＂empowered by the West＂ criticism from nationalists and the states. Even if religious freedom is an imported concept derived from a Christian culture, cultivated in Western history, and promoted by the Western NGOs, these Protestant activisms across three places, from various social movements participated by Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, Christian student/scholars in Hong Kong, to House Church in China, show their ingenuity of localizing this empowerment enterprise and take initiative to overcome great difficulties. Protestant Christians in Taiwan have won their freedom and help to democratize the nation; will similar pattern happens in Hong Kong and China? The future of Protestant activism deserves more academic and policy attention.
Other
1.林保華(2014)。中國宣布「中英聯合聲明」無效，http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/5c4cee75-c8d8-4ca7-9342-bd085d12ed26， 2014/12/24。  延伸查詢new window
2.(2011)。Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out，http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12195025， 2014/11/25。  new window
3.Bloomberg News(2014)。In Protests, Middle Class Confronts Mainlanders over Hong Kong's Future，http://readingeagle.com/ap/article/in-protestsmiddle-class-confronts-mainlanders-overhong-kongs-future， 2014/11/26。  new window
期刊論文
1.Hafner-Burton, Emilie M.(2008)。Sticks and stones: Naming and shaming the human rights enforcement problem。International Organization，62(4)，689-716。  new window
2.Tarrow, Sidney(1996)。Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work。American Political Science Review，90(2)，389-397。  new window
3.湯紹成(2011)。大陸『家庭教會』的發展。海峽評論，245，40-41。  延伸查詢new window
4.劉國建、佟佳(2009)。『中國家庭教會信仰告白』要義分析--以構建和諧社會為向度。鐵道警官高等專科學校學報，2009(3)，17-21。  延伸查詢new window
5.Inboden, Rana Siu、Inboden, William(2009)。Faith and Law in China。Far Eastern Economic Review，172(7)，44-47。  new window
6.Meyer, David S.、Minkoff, Debra C.(2004)。Conceptualizing Political Opportunity。Social Forces，82(4)，1457-1492。  new window
7.余杰(2013)。四川地震與零八憲章中的中國基督徒。新使者，135，16-20。  延伸查詢new window
8.王韻(20150300)。宗教市場的國際與國內因素：從兩岸政教關係研究探討一個宗教市場論的新研究架構。中國大陸研究，58(1)，65-102。new window  延伸查詢new window
9.劉澎(2012)。中國需要宗教法--走出中國宗教管理體制的困境。領導者，47，106-125。  延伸查詢new window
10.龔立人(20111200)。宗教角色與全球社會運動--香港基督教的社會面貌。成大宗教與文化學報，17，177-194。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.Booth, J. A.、Richard, P. B.(1998)。Civil Society and Political Context in Central America。American Behavioral Scientist，42(1)，33-46。  new window
12.Ignatieff, M.(2001)。The Attack on Human Rights。Foreign Affairs，80(6)，102-116。  new window
13.Wachman, A. M.(200104)。Does the Diplomacy of Shame Promote Human Rights in China。Third World Quarterly，22(2)，257-281。  new window
14.Foley, M. W.、Edwards, B.(1998)。Beyond Tocqueville: Civil-Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective - Editors' Introduction。American Behavioral Scientist，42(1)，5-20。  new window
15.Lutz, Ellen L.、Sikkink, Kathryn(2000)。International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America。International Organization，54(3)，633-659。  new window
16.Lutz, Ellen L.、Sikkink, Kathryn(2001)。The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America。Chicago Journal of International Law，2(1)，1-34。  new window
17.林本炫(20010900)。我國當前宗教立法的分析。思與言，39(3)，59-101。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.瞿海源(19820100)。政教關係的思考(上)--台灣基督長老教會。聯合月刊，6，45-49。  延伸查詢new window
19.林本炫(19960600)。國家、宗教與社會控制--宗教壓迫論述的分析。思與言，34(2)，21-66。new window  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.郭文般(1999)。臺灣天主教的政教關係。中興大學社會系。  延伸查詢new window
學位論文
1.鄭恩得(2004)。民族主義與臺灣基督長老教會的民族想像(碩士論文)。臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.曾鋭生(2007)。管治香港：政務官與良好管治的建立。香港：香港大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.宋泉盛(1988)。出頭天--臺灣人民自決運動史料。臺南：人光。  延伸查詢new window
3.Bob, Clifford(2005)。The marketing of rebellion: Insurgents, media, and international activism。Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.林毓生(2014)。公民社會基本觀念。臺北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
5.曹南來(2013)。建設中國的耶路撒冷：基督教與城市現代性變遷。香港：香港大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
6.張家麟(2004)。亞洲政教關係。臺北：韋伯文化。  延伸查詢new window
7.Abdelrahman, M.(2007)。Civil Society Exposed:The Politics of NGOS in Egypt。London：Tauris Academic Studies。  new window
8.Collins, C.(2010)。Post-Transitional Justice: Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador。University Park, PA：Pennsylvania State University Press。  new window
9.Lu, Y.(2008)。Non-Governmental Organizations in China: The Rise of Dependent Autonomy。New York：Routledge。  new window
10.Ndegwa, S. N.(1996)。The Two Faces of Civil Society: NGOs and Politics。West Hartford, CT：Kumarian Press。  new window
11.Witte, J. Jr.、Van der Vyver, J. D.(1996)。Religious human rights in global persepctive: religious perspectives。Grand Rapids, MI：Eerdmans。  new window
12.Wiktorowicz, Q.(2001)。The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan。Albany, NY：State University of New York Press。  new window
13.Pollack, D.、Wielgohs, J.(2004)。Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition。Burlington, VT：Ashgate。  new window
14.Fox, J.、Sandler, S.(2004)。Bringing Religion into International Relations。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
15.Clark, Ann Marie(2001)。Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
16.Tilly, Charles、Tarrow, Sidney(2007)。Contentious Politics。Boulder, CO：Paradigm Publishers。  new window
17.Risse, Thomas、Ropp, Stephen C.、Sikkink, Kathryn(1999)。The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change。Cambridge University Press。  new window
18.Ngok, Ma(2007)。Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society。Hong Kong：Hong Kong University Press。  new window
19.McAdam, Doug、McCarthy, John D.、Zald, Mayer N.(1996)。Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings。Cambridge University Press。  new window
20.Tarrow, Sidney(2005)。The New Transnational Activism。Cambridge University Press。  new window
21.O'Donnell, Guillermo、Schmitter, Philippe(1987)。Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies。Baltimore, MD：Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
22.Scott, James C.(1985)。The Weapon of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
23.McAdam, Doug(1982)。Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970。University of Chicago Press。  new window
24.Keck, Margaret E.、Sikkink, Kathryn(1998)。Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics。Cornell University Press。  new window
25.Friedmann, John(1992)。Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development。Blackwell。  new window
26.瞿海源(20060000)。宗教、術數與社會變遷。臺北：桂冠。new window  延伸查詢new window
27.Putnam, Robert D.、Leonardi, Robert、Nanetti, Raffaella Y.(1993)。Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy。Princeton University Press。  new window
其他
1.(1982)。關於我國社會主義時期宗教問題的基本觀點和基本政策，http://www.mzb.com.cn/html/folder/290171.htm， 2014/12/24。  延伸查詢new window
2.(2005)。教會與人權組織對被拘留的世貿示威者表達關心，http://china.ucanews.com/2005/12/23/HK9407/， 2015/05/25。  延伸查詢new window
3.邢福增(2013)。香港福音派教會社會參與之歷史發展，https://theologycuhk.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/e982a2e7a68fe5a29e-e9a699e6b8afe7a68fe99fb3e6b4bee69599e69c83e7a4bee69c83e58f83e88887e4b98be6adb7e58fb2e799bce5b195.pdf， 2014/11/25。  延伸查詢new window
4.袁天佑(2014)。位於十字路口的教會，http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1026875， 2014/11/26。  延伸查詢new window
5.劉同蘇(2014)。家庭教會與公民社會--從守望教會的戶外聚會，溫州護十架運動及佔中示威引發的爭議談起，http://www.cmi.org.tw/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=1504733&folderId=8857940&name=DLFE-69069.pdf， 2014/12/26。  延伸查詢new window
6.湯惠芸(20140414)。香港學生參考臺灣太陽花學運，http://www.voacantonese.com/content/hongkong-observers-on-taiwan-occupymovement/1892846.html， 。  延伸查詢new window
7.蔡少琪(2014)。浙江拆教堂和十字架風潮，及溫州三江教堂事件的一些網絡文章和連結，http://www.chinesetheology.com/WenzhouChurchDemolition.htm， 2014/03/26。  延伸查詢new window
8.(2014)。2014 Annual Report，http://www.uscirf.gov/reports-briefs/annual-report/2014-annual-report, Available:2014/11/25.。  new window
9.World Press Freedom Index 2014，http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php， 2014/11/25。  new window
10.Phillips, T.(2014)。China's Christians Fend off Church Demolition Crew Amid Latest Communist Party Crackdown on Faith，http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10893715/Chinas-Christians-fendoff-church-demolition-crew-amid-latest-Communist-Party-crackdown-on-faith.html， 2014/12/26。  new window
圖書論文
1.林瑞琪(2008)。回歸十年中港執政當局與天主教會關係探討。衝突與融合：後九七的香港教會與社會。香港：香港基督徒學會。  延伸查詢new window
2.曹南來(2015)。中國大陸基督教的非登記教會現象與城市教產問題。法治的侷限與希望：中國大陸改革進程中的臺灣、宗教與人權因素。臺北：元照。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.魏德東(2015)。宗教不自由與宗教發展：以北京基督教守望教會為例。法治的侷限與希望：中國大陸改革進程中的臺灣、宗教與人權因素。臺北：元照。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Cummings, L. M.、Tang, J. T. H.(2008)。The External Challenge of Hong Kong's Governance: Global Responsibility for a World City。Politics and Government in Hong Kong: Crisis under Chinese sovereignty。Abingdon, UK：Routledge。  new window
 
 
 
 
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