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題名：快樂的多元動機假說：捐贈行為之實驗檢定
書刊名：社會科學論叢
作者：江莉莉 引用關係／于席正
作者(外文)：Jiang, Lily／Yu, Hsi-cheng
出版日期：2014
卷期：8:1
頁次：頁1-39
主題關鍵詞：快樂；動機；捐贈；精神力場；單位快樂；Happiness；Motivation；Donation；Mental-Force-Field；Util
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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根據效用主義的看法，快樂（happiness）是人類的終極價值，外顯行為的目的在於避苦求樂，故快樂追求係驅策行為之根本。本文藉由現金利得與捐贈議題的實驗，驗證于席正和江莉莉（2011, 2012）「動機—精神力場—行為假說」之心理決策流程存在的實質性，並利用Ng(1996)提出之「最小可感知的增量」作為苦樂感受的單位計數。根據實驗結果歸納以下主要結論：(1)個體的苦樂感受顯著存在本能性、社會性與大我世界（we-world）等主要快樂動機；(2)多元動機間的趨向衝突（approachapproachconflict）引導最適行為的調整；(3)快樂動機透過驅使決策的改變，亦使得對應不同決策結果產生的快樂感受呈現顯著的差異；以及(4)在凸顯大我世界動機後，個體的快樂感受顯著高於未凸顯前之情況。
According to Utilitarianism, happiness is the ultimate goal for human beings. The desire of a happy life drives people's behavior toward the pursuit of happiness. Based on the theoretical framework of happiness proposed by Yu and Jiang (2012), this paper undertakes a series of experiments which investigate the determinants of money payoff to test the hypotheses of motivationmental force-behavior, as well as the levels of happiness associated with behavioral decisions. The main results include: (1) The motivations of life instincts, social conformity and we-world are the main driving forces in deciding the allocation between money payoff and donation. (2) The approach-approach conflicts among various motivations lead individuals to adjust behavior optimally. (3) In each extensional situation, an individual's anticipated degree of happiness, measured in term of ＂just perceivable units＂ (Ng, 1996), from the updated decision is significantly different from the levels attained in the previous stages. (4) Once an individual's we-world motivation is evoked, the decision of the allocation between money payoff and donation brings forth higher degree of happiness which is never anticipated before.
期刊論文
1.于席正、江莉莉(201204)。試論消費決策與幸福：動機--精神力場--行爲假說。經濟學季刊，11(3)，969-996。  延伸查詢new window
2.Aspinwall, Lisa G.、Taylor, Shelley E.(199305)。Effects of Social Comparison Direction, Threat, and Self-Esteem on Affect, Self-Evaluation, and Expected Success。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，64(5)，708-722。  new window
3.Cohen, Jonathan D.(2005)。The Vulcanization of the Human Brain: A Neural Perspective on Interactions between Cognition and Emotion。Journal of Economic Perspectives，19(4)，3-24。  new window
4.Kahneman, Daniel、Wakker, Peter P.、Sarin, Rakesh(1997)。Back to Bentham? Exploration of Experienced Utility。Quarterly Journal of Economics，112(2)，375-405。  new window
5.Kahneman, Daniel、Krueger, Alan B.、Schkade, David A.、Schwarz, Norbert、Stone, Arthur A.(2004)。A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method。Science，306(5702)，1776-1780。  new window
6.Loewenstein, George(198709)。Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption。Economic Journal，97(387)，666-684。  new window
7.Luks, Allan(198810)。Helper's High: Volunteering Makes People Feel Good, Physically and Emotionally。Psychology Today，22(10)，34-42。  new window
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10.Perez-Asenjo, Eduardo(201110)。If Happiness is Relative, against Whom do We Compare Ourselves? Implications for Labour Supply。Journal of Population Economics，24(4)，1411-1442。  new window
11.Post, Stephen G.(2005)。Altruism, Happiness, and Health: It's Good to be Good。International Journal of Behavioral Medicine，12(2)，66-77。  new window
12.Schwartz, Barry、Ward, Andrew、Monterosso, John、Lyubomirsky, Sonja、White, Katherine、Lehman, Darrin R.(200211)。Maximizing versus Satisficing: Happi-ness is a Matter of Choice。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，83(5)，1178-1197。  new window
13.Theurer, Kristine、Wister, Andrew(201001)。Altruistic Behaviour and Social Capital as Predictors of Well-Being among Older Canadians。Ageing and Society，30(1)，157-181。  new window
14.Kahneman, D.、Tversky, A.(1979)。Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk。Econometrica，47(2)，263-291。  new window
15.Veenhoven, Ruut(1991)。Is happiness relative?。Social Indicators Research，24(1)，1-34。  new window
16.Festinger, Leon(1954)。A theory of social comparison processes。Human Relations，7(2)，117-140。  new window
17.Knight, John、Song, Lina、Gunatilaka, Ramani(2009)。Subjective Well-Being and Its Determinants in Rural China。China Economic Review，20(4)，635-649。  new window
18.Maslow, Abraham H.(1943)。A Theory of Human Motivation。Psychological Review，50(4)，370-396。  new window
19.Tversky, Amos、Kahneman, Daniel(1991)。Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model。The Quarterly Journal of Economics，106(4)，1039-1061。  new window
20.黃有光(199605)。Happiness surveys: Some comparability issues and an exploratory survey based on just perceivable increments。Social Indicators Research，38(1)，1-29。  new window
21.Taylor, Edward、Stark, Oded(199109)。Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation。The Economic Journal，101(408)，1165-1178。  new window
22.Loewenstein, George(1996)。Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior。Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes，65(3)，272-292。  new window
23.Taylor, J. Edward、Stark, Oded(1989)。Relative Deprivation and International Migration。Demography，26(1)，1-14。  new window
24.Freeman, L. C.(199207)。The Sociological Concept of 'Group': An Empirical Test of Two Models。American Journal of Sociology，98(1)，152-166。  new window
會議論文
1.于席正、江莉莉(2011)。快樂主義下的道德價値。2011經濟倫理學術與實務研討會，淡江大學國際企業學系 。台北：淡江大學國際企業學系。59-122。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Cofer, Charles N.、Appley, Mortimer H.(1964)。Motivation: Theory and Research。New York：John Wiley & Sons。  new window
2.Jevons, William S.(1905)。Essays on Economics。London：Macmillan。  new window
3.Maslow, Abraham H.、Frager, Robert、Fadiman, James、McReynolds, C.(1970)。Motivation and Personality。Harper。  new window
4.Bentham, Jeremy(1996)。An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
其他
1.Loewenstein, George，O'Donoghue, Ted(2007)。The Heat of the Moment: Modeling Interactions between Affect and Deliberation，http://www.economics.cornell.edu/edo1/heat.pdf， 2013/03/10。  new window
圖書論文
1.Baumeister, Roy F.、Vohs, Kathleen D.(2003)。Willpower, Choice, and Self-Control。Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice。New York：Russell Sage Foundation。  new window
2.Fehr, Ernstand、Schmidt, Klaus M.(2006)。The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism-Experimental Evidence and New Theories。Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altru-ism and Reciprocity (North Holland), vol. 1: Foundations。  new window
3.Freud, Sigmund、Riviere, Joan(1949)。Instincts and Their Vicissitudes。Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud。London：Hogarth。  new window
4.Easterlin, Richard A.(1974)。Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence。Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz。Academic Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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