The peopling of America is one of the great dramas in all of human history. Over the years, a massive stream of humanity--45 million people--crossed every ocean and continent to reach the United States. They came speaking every language and representing every nationality, race, and religion. The sheer magnitude of American ethnic communities makes them autonomous cultures with lives of their own--neither copies of some “mainstream” model nor mere over-seas branches of some other country's culture. This research project to focus on the ethnic history--Blacks American history. The mixture of unity and diversity runs through American history as through American society today. No ethnic group has been wholly unique, and yet no two are completely alike. Each group has its own geographic distribution pattern, reflecting, conditions when they arrived on American soil and the evolution of the industries and regions to which they became attached. Blacks has changed in America, and American society has changed in many ways. The most dramatic example is that today there are people sitting in Congress and on the Supreme Court whose ancestors were brought here as slaves. Among the world's scientific, political, and economic figures today are Americans whose immigrant ancestors were once dismissed as “the beaten men of beaten races.” Nothing has so vindicated the untapped potential of ordinary people as the American experience. After Civil War, Amendment XIII to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery. Amendment XIV prohibits any State to make or enforce law which abridges the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, or denies to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws. Amendment XV declares that the rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The U.S. Supreme Court in the following cases adjudged that the State in each case has violated the Amendment clauses: Sipuel v. Oklahoma; McLanrin v. Oklahoma State Regents; Brown v. Board of Education; and so on. Incomes, occupations, and unemployment rates differ substantially among American ethnic groups, as do rates of crime, fertility, and business ownership. The explanation of those differences is complex and in many ways surprising. None of the easy fits all the facts. Color has obviously played a major role in determining the fate of many Americans, and yet a black ethnic group like the West Indians earns more than a predominantly white ethnic group like the Puerto Ricans, and the Chinese earn more than whites in general. The initial wealth of a group and its time of arrival are obviously important, as many wealthy “old families” show, but the Jew arrived late and penniless in the nineteenth century and are now more affluent than any other ethnic group. How and why American Blacks have developed as they have is the research of this project.