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題名:論雕有東夷系紋飾的有刃玉器(上)
書刊名:故宮學術季刊
作者:鄧淑蘋
作者(外文):Teng, Shu-p'ing
出版日期:1999
卷期:16:3
頁次:頁1-34+左1-3
主題關鍵詞:蚩尤神組東夷龍山石家河Blade-edgeCh'iCh'ih-yuDeity-ancestorEastern YiKueiLung-shanShih-chia-hoTao
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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     本文是在完成了〈有神祖面紋及相關紋飾的有刃玉器〉一文後,赴太原、西安,仔細觀察了出土於山西黎城的玉戚、陝西廬山 的玉刀,得到新的啟發後,從事進一步的研究,所提出之論文。   二十餘年來,學術界已有多篇論文,討論流散於世,為數甚豐的,一批雕有鷹鳥、老虎、神祖面紋(常稱為「獸面紋」或「人面紋」)的玉器。這類玉器主要分兩類,其一為有刃器,如圭、戚、刀等;其二為嵌飾器或佩飾器。學者們最初依憑山東日照兩城鎮出土的玉圭,將此類玉器定位為山東龍山文化的遺物;並根據傳說史料中,古代東夷族的鳥崇拜信仰,而釋此類玉器為東夷族的玉禮器。   近年,兩湖地區的石家河文化遺址中,出土了這類嵌傭器與佩飾器,因此令學者們改變看法,推斷傳世器中的相關玉器,曾有學者釋之為東夷族中的一支-蚩尤,在涿鹿大戰失敗後,向西南方的移民。   筆者除繼續收集可靠的傳世器外,並追蹤相關的出土器,如:黎城戚、蘆山 刀等。共得二十八件有刃器,仔細分析其花紋的類別、組合關係、發展與演變,並綜合考量器形、玉質特徵等,佐以傳說史料等文獻,作了進一步的研步。初步推斷這類玉器的製作時間約為西元前二六○○至一五○○年,即是龍山時期至二里頭文化期,其中包括了夏代。而雕琢的地區頗為廣泛,達至山西、陝西、甘肅、江南、兩湖,都可找到東夷式花紋的玉器。這一現象反映了東夷文化的勢力強大,遷徙分佈的範圍很廣。   大致而言,所雕的神祖面紋主要分為甲、乙、丙三式。甲式為具像人面,有人的五官、披長髮、戴圓耳環與兩角下垂的船形帽。乙式為抽象面紋,又可分為四式,其基本特徵為:常以多層環繞圓轉線紋構成眼睛,頭側左右橫出尾端彎翹的「牛角裝飾」,頭頂有「介字形頂」,經分析,筆者以為這應是「牛」的抽象表現;丙式是由乙式發展而成,多以平直短線構成,造形更為抽象。在有刃器上,這些花紋多以二元對立的關係存在,主要有(一)鷹鳥與神祖,(二)甲式神祖與乙式神祖,(三)虎與甲式神祖,共三種二元對立的關係。雖然甲、乙二式神祖面紋,應有不同的屬性,但在少數的有刃器上,已出現二者的混合形象。到了石家河文化中的嵌飾器上,更是以具像的甲式神祖面,加飾原屬乙式神祖才有的「介字形頂」與「牛角裝飾」。   經風格分析,可確認其中八件屬典型山東龍山文化遺物,花紋中鷹與牛的二元對立關係,或即為東夷中的「少昊」與「蚩尤」的圖像。其餘多件呈現複雜的時代與地域特徵,這些混合了華東與華西,早期與晚期風格之玉器的存在,提供我們新的思考方向。由於古文獻中,不少有東夷族的支系,如:蚩尤的黎族、贏秦、少昊摯等,向西、向南播遷的紀錄,正與本文依據實物所分析的傳播與演變情涗,大致相合,雖然探討古代文化的變遷與傳播,是複雜的問題,作者仍盼以此小文,對中國文明形成時期的氏族關係、玉禮器制度等研究,提供正面的佐證。
     The present article follows the completion of the author's "Blade-Edged Jades with Deity-Ancestor and Related Images" and a trip to T'ai-yuan and Hsi-an, which presented first-hand observation of jade ch'i-axes excavated from the site of Li-ch'eng in Shansi and jade knives (too) from Lu-shan-mao in Shensi. These observations provide the inspiration for the author's fUrther research and the results found in the present article. Over the past 20 years, many scholarly essays have been published on a type of jade object carved with eagle, tiger, and deity-ancestor images (often referred to as animal-mask or human-mask designs). This jade can be generally divided into two major types. One has a blade, as represented by the kuei tablet, ch'i, and too, while the other is an inlaid or decorative piece. Originally, scholars considered it to be from the Lung-shan Culture, based on excavation findings of jade kuei from the towns ofJih and Chao in Shantung. Referring to the content of legends and historical texts, the totemic reverence for birds among the ancient Eastern Yi tribe was used to hypothesize that this jade type served as a ritual object. In recent years, jade-inlaid and decorative pieces have been recovered among the excavated relics of the Shih-chia-ho Culture in the Hupeh-Hunan region. Forcing scholars to change their views, they hypothesize that these jades are mostly relics from the Shih-chia-ho Culture. To explain the great distance between Shantung and the Hupeh-Hunan region and the similarity in the style of the jades excavated there, scholars think that the Ch'ih-yu branch of the Eastern Yi tribe, after losing in a major battle in Chuo-lu, migrated to the southwest. In recent years, related materials have been added to the growing amount of evidence. The author, in addition to studying reliable jades from collections, also has traced these excavation materials, such as the Li-ch'eng ch 'i and Lu-shan-mao tao. Altogether, 28 objects with blade-edges (including 20 kuei, 3 yiieh, and 5 too) have been assembled for study. A close comparison of their mineralogical features and shapes as well as the combinations, developments, and changes in designs (assisted by historical materials and legends) offer evidence for further study. The author's initial hypothesis is that this type of jade was made from 2600 to 1500 BC, which correlates from the Lung-shan to the Erh-li-t'ou Culture and includes the Hsia Dynasty. The area in which they were carved was wide-ranging, extending from the provinces of Shansi, Shensi, and Kansu to the Kiangnan and Hupeh-Hunan regions, which all have yielded jades bearing Eastern Yi type decoration. This phenomenon suggests the growth of Eastern Yi power as it expanded its area of influence into other regions. Generally, deity-ancestor images can be divided into three types. The first is human-like with facial features, including a countenance, hair, earrings, and crown. The second is an abstracted image dividable into four types, the basic features of which are as follows; circling line designs represent the eyes, the head is decorated with "ox-horn decor," and the head has a "crown-shape." Further analysis leads the author to believe that this represents an abstracted ox design. The third is a development on the second and is often composed of straight short lines for a decorative effect. These designs on blades often appear as opposing forms and are mostly composed of 1) eagle and deity-ancestor, 2) style-one deity-ancestor and style-two deity-ancestor, and 3) tiger and style-one deity-ancestor designs to create for three types of opposing relationships. Although the first and second type of deity-ancestor image design are different, a combination of the two appears on some blade-edged jades. By the time inlaid objects were made in the Shih-chia-ho Culture, it became a concrete expression of the style-one deity-ancestor image with the "ox-horn decor" and "crownshape." Through stylistic analysis, we are thus certain that eight of the objects represent typical relics of the Lung-shan Culture from Shantung. The opposing form relationship of the eagles and oxen in their decoration perhaps are images of Shao-hao and Ch'ih-yu from the Eastern Yi tribe. The others represent complex period and regional characteristics. The existence of jades with early and late as well as eastern and western styles provides scholars with a new lines of approach. In ancient texts are many records of tributary groups related to the Eastern Yi tribe, such as the Li group, the Ying-ch'in, and the Shao-hao-chih, which are recorded as moving west and south. This coincides more or less with the changes and transmission apparent from the analysis of these objects. Although the movements and changes among ancient cultures represents a complex issue, the author presents in this article some evidence for the study of the relationship between cultures in the formation of Chinese civilization and the systems of jade ritual objects.
期刊論文
1.鄧淑蘋(19931000)。也談華西系統的玉器 (3):玉刃。故宮文物月刊,11:7=127,頁86-93。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.(1990)。考古。考古。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.汪青青(1996)。溧陽出土的良渚文化玉器珍品。東方文明之光─良渚文化發現60周年紀念文集(1936-1996)。海口市。  延伸查詢new window
2.林巳奈夫(1997)。中国古玉の鉏牙。中国古玉の研究。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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