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題名：獨佔性競爭在總體經濟理論中的應用
作者：林鴻裕
作者(外文)：Hong-Yu Lin
校院名稱：國立中興大學
系所名稱：經濟學系
指導教授：胡春田
學位類別：博士
出版日期：1999
主題關鍵詞：獨佔性競爭；總體經濟理論；monopolistic competition；macroeconomics
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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有鑑於總體經濟理論的發展，正逐步與個體理論相結合，可是認定市場結構完美無缺的看法，似乎又與實際經濟社會的運作相脫節，恰巧Dixit and Stiglitz為獨佔性競爭市場結構量身訂作的數學模型在1977年問世，於是自80年代開始，總體經濟理論便正式走入不完全競爭一般均衡分析的世界。
話雖如此，然而當我們仔細翻閱不完全競爭一般均衡總體文獻的理論架構形成過程時，卻發現它們忽略掉現代經濟社會正邁向經營權和所有權分離的事實，而直接認定廠商會去追求利潤極大化。因此為使理論架構能更符合實際現況，本文第二章便針對此，把個體廠商理論中，經理人經營廠商理論與交涉能力的概念納入其中，重新建構一符合獨佔性競爭均衡的總體模型，用以評價乘數效果與進行社會福利分析。
結果我們發現：乘數效果的強弱和社會福利水準的高低，完全受制於股權分散與否，意即當股權愈分散，乘數效果愈弱，社會福利水準愈高；股權愈集中，則乘數效果愈強，社會福利水準愈低。又因為假定廠商追求利潤極大化的市場均衡結果，與股權相當集中時的情況雷同，所以除非實際經濟社會顯示股權相當集中，否則貿然認定廠商必是追求利潤極大化的作法，將嚴重高估乘數效果與市場被扭曲的情況。
既然社會福利水準的高低與股權分散程度有關，所以我們也認為：一旦資源配置結果無法達到Pareto最適，使得政府意欲干預市場時，則干預的方式，並不一定非得採取任意的刺激政策，盡量促使經濟體系內的股權分散，其實也是可行的方案。
獨佔性競爭市場結構不單單只適用於封閉經濟體系，90年代開始，亦被大量引入開放經濟體系中，並用以重新探討此領域，一些既有的重要議題。而本文第三章也不例外，亦是想嘗試將獨佔性競爭市場結構納入開放經濟體系，不過與眾不同的是：我們將其應用在貨幣危機 ( 或稱匯率制度崩潰 ) 問題的探討上。
之所以將獨佔性競爭市場結構引進貨幣危機領域，實因現存處理貨幣危機方面的文獻，因為忽略供給面的問題，導致其無法觀察：一國發生貨幣危機時，該國經濟實質面究竟會受到什麼樣的影響。所以我們將獨佔性競爭市場結構引入本文第三章的小型開放經濟體，希望藉此能讓生產活動確實呈現，以便解決傳統貨幣危機文獻無法觀察一國經濟實質面變化的窘境。
結果我們發現：除非代表性個人的效用函數是屬相加可分性的特殊型式，否則一般而言，當某一小國遭逢貨幣危機時，該國經濟實質面所受到的影響將是：危機發生前，產出、就業會增加；危機發生後，產出、就業則是會減少。
The development of macroeconomic theory is moving to the direction to have a closer relationship with microeconomic theory. On the other hand, the opinion of perfect market structure seems to come apart with the operation of the real world economic society. In 1977, the mathematics model of monopolistic competition introduced by Dixit and Stiglitz had cased macroeconomic theory go to the world of general equilibrium approach with imperfect competition.
When we examined the process of the building general equilibrium model with imperfect competition, we found the truth that the control and ownership have been separated in modern economics is being ignored. In stead, the assumption that firms are pursuing profit maximization was made. To make the theory be more realistic, a macroeconomic model with concepts of manager-controlled firm theory and bargaining power used in microeconomic theory is developed to evaluate the multiplier effect and analyze the social welfare.
The multiplier effect and social welfare are totally dependent upon the decentralization of total voting stock. The more decentralized the total voting stock, the weaker the multiplier effect and the higher the social welfare; and the more centralized the total voting stock, the stronger the multiplier effect and the lower the social welfare. The situation of pursuing maximum profit is similar to the situation of a very centralized total voting stock, therefore, unless the economic society in the real world is centralized, otherwise, the multiplier effect and distorted market will be overestimated. A more detailed discussion is in chapter two of this thesis.
Since social welfare is so related with how decentralized the total voting stock, that once resource allocation does not reach Pareto optimal, the government dose not necessary have to take discretionary policies, but alternatively the government can decentralize the total voting stock to interfere the economy.
Monopolistic competition market structure can be applied not only in the closed economy, but also applied on open economy to review some important issues in this field starting from the 1990. In chapter three, we attempted to include monopolistic competition market structure into open economies with a special discussion on applying the theory on currency crisis (or sometimes called exchange rate regime collapse).
Because the existing discussions of currency crisis usually neglected the supply-side influence, we included monopolistic competition market structure into the discussion of currency crisis. The neglecting of supply-side economy made it difficult to observe the economic impact on the real aspect of a small country when currency crisis happened on that small country. In chapter three in this thesis, we discussed monopolistic competition market structure on small open economic entities to resolve the problem of not displaying the real changes on the real aspect economic activity.
The following phenomena has been found: when a small country encountered currency crisis, the output and employment will increase before the currency crisis and the output and employment will decrease after the currency crisis unless the utility function of representative individual is of the special model of additive separability.
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