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題名：放眼皆無土：帝國論述與三部維多利亞時期旅行書寫
作者：賴維菁 引用關係
作者(外文)：Wei-ching Lai
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：外國語文學系研究所
指導教授：李有成
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2000
主題關鍵詞：帝國論述；旅行書寫；imperialist discourse；Victorian travel writing；Anthony Trollope；Harriet Martineau；Robert Louis Stevenson
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放眼皆吾土：
帝國論述與三部維多利亞時期旅行書寫
（中文摘要）
本文擬以帝國論述來閱讀三部維多利亞時期的遊記。選讀的三部作品為安東尼o崔珞普的《西印度群島與西班牙大陸》(1859)，哈芮o瑪汀諾的《東方生活，今與昔》(1848)，羅伯o路易o史蒂文生的《南太平洋之旅》(1891)。三位作家在從事旅行書寫的創作前，已經是寫作技巧嫻熟、備受讀者肯定的專業作家，其旅行書寫與探險家、科學家、或專業旅行者的作品略有不同。此外，三位作家均有豐富的旅行經驗，所撰寫的遊記皆不只一部。本文所選的三部作品展現十九世紀英國的旅行者如何面對與書寫未開化地區的人民、文化、自然景觀，在西方帝國主義的顛峰期，此一未開化地區可能為大英帝國的殖民地、某一西方強權的屬地、或是各大國爭奪的「獨立」國家。這些作品是觀察帝國主義與旅行書寫互動的絕佳文本，而此一互動關係要比一般學者想像的更形複雜。
本文共分介紹、三個主要章節、與結語。「介紹」部分先簡介英國十九世紀的旅行書寫，而後提出帝國主義論述的理論架構。就理論架構而言，筆者以薩依德的世俗關連(wordily affiliations)出發，說明帝國為十九世紀英國文學作品的「成文存在」(a codified presence)，而後引出將以論述觀點來詮釋文本的再現，接下來以傅柯早期的論述觀點修正薩依德在《東方主義》中對論述的援引，將論述視為多元、含括歧異的實體，受限於特定的歷史時空環境。然後再討論作者與論述主體(discursive subject)之間模糊糾結的關係，捨棄傅柯作者功能(author-function)的說法，給予作者較多的主動權，提出作者的社會認同或個體因素會影響他（她）對某種論述的接納/被接納程度，因而影響到文本中此種論述的再現。
論文主體共分為三章，每一章處理一部作品。銜接三章的主要論點是：作者的社會認同(social identity)會影響到帝國論述在文本中的再現。第一章解讀崔珞普的《西印度群島與西班牙大陸》，主要討論這位中產階級的英國公僕如何透過海外殖民地之旅建構主體的英國性(Englishness)。第二章針對瑪汀諾的《東方生活，今與昔》，討論帝國論述與女性論述如何在此一文本中互動。第三章則處理史蒂文生的《南太平洋之旅》，著眼於流放者如何挑戰帝國論述。
"I AM Monarch of All I Survey":
The Discourse of Imperialism and Three Victorian Travel Writings
Abstract
This dissertation aims to read three Victorian travel writings within the context of imperialist discourse. The three works chosen are Anthony Trollope''s The West Indies and the Spanish Main, Harriet Martineau''s Eastern Life, Present and Past, and Robert Louis Stevenson''s In the South Seas. All the three authors had been full-fledged and well-known writers before the publication of the three works, and their literary skills distinguished their travel accounts from those written by amateur writers like explorers, scientists, and "professional" travellers. All of them-especially the two male writers-had extensive experience of travel, through which they composed more than one travel account. Each of their travel accounts discussed in the dissertation depicts how a nineteenth-century English traveller-a subject of Queen Victoria-encountered the people, culture, and nature of a certain "uncivilized" locality. At the apex of Western imperialism, such an uncivilized place represented a colony of British Empire, a protectorate of a Great Power, or an "independent" underdeveloped country with many competitive Powers within it. These travel accounts may well serve as the texts for investigating the relationship between imperialism and travel writing, and the relationship proves to be less unanimous than some post-colonialist critics attempt to suggest.
The "Introduction" to this dissertation, purporting to set up the terms for the whole discussion, deals with two issues: a synoptic introduction to British travel writing in the nineteenth century and a theorization of the discourse of imperialism. I explicate why I would like to apply the notion of imperialist discourse to the Victorian travel writings about the uncivilized localities, what was called the Third World during the Cold War. In regard to the definition and application of the imperialist discourse, I challenge Foucault''s concept of discourse and turn to a more Saidian concept of imperialist discourse.
The dissertation proper comprises three chapters, each chapter dealing with a travel account. The central idea throughout the three chapters is that social identities have much to do with the "interpellation" of the imperialist discourse-because of the different identities assumed by the writers, their travel accounts demonstrate different degrees, shapes, and colors of imperialist discourse. The varieties are not merely a range of differences between two extremes; they sometimes even transgress the boundary of the discourse of imperialism. The three chapters discuss Britishness in Anthony Trollope''s The West Indies and the Spanish Main, femininity in Harriet Martineau''s Eastern Life: Present and Past, and exile in Robert Louis Stevenson''s In the South Seas, respectively. Trollope was a civil servant and through-and-through bourgeois. Even in a less political and more amusing travel account like The West Indies, he reproduced the statements of imperialist discourse. Martineau was a radical woman writer who had concerned herself with women''s status in the Victorian society. Eastern Life manifests an intricate intertwining of the discourses of femininity and of imperialism. The two discourses sometimes contradict and sometimes converge with each other. Generally speaking, however, the text demonstrates that the travelling subject tends to challenge the discourse of femininity and assume the role of a male imperial dominator. Stevenson, as a Scot and exile, was less "interpellated" by the discourse of imperialism than the other two Victorians. Consequently In the South Seas-despite that all the three travel accounts favor humanistic rather than patriotic or jingoistic perspectives-is the single work that can be labeled "anti-imperialism." Nevertheless, "anti-imperialism" can merely serve as the dominant reading of the text, and there are other conflicting elements in the text which are by no means anti-imperialist.
A conclusion is appended at the end of the dissertation to summarize the findings.
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