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題名:中文版面設計之人因研究:以「詞」代「字」為呈現單位之閱讀效應
作者:黃國珍
作者(外文):Hunag Kuo-Chen
校院名稱:國立臺灣科技大學
系所名稱:工業管理系
指導教授:許勝雄
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:資訊設計中文文章人因研究版面設計詞間留白呈現單位information designChinese textergonomic studylayout designword spacingpresentation unit
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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中文文章的版面設計,在「詞」這一基本而完整的意義單位上,並無詞間留白之設計,以致讀者易發生斷詞歧義之情形。因此,在如何強化讀者的閱讀能力之外,藉由對版面空間設計變項之研究,而改善文字的適讀性,是另一提升閱讀績效的有效途徑。本文的目的即在透過系列的實驗,測定中文詞間留空之閱讀效應,期能由版面空間之改善,省去讀者的斷詞作業,而提升閱讀績效。
本研究共有六個實驗,分屬三章。實驗一旨在分析朗讀內容之詞間時距與字間時距,結果發現,不論大學生的朗讀或電視台新聞主播的播報內容,詞間時距都顯著大於字間時距,確認受試者朗讀時以詞為表述單位之事實。實驗二則測定同屬一詞的字被分置二行 (即分離詞) 對閱讀績效之影響,結果發現,分離詞雖未影響閱讀正確率,但卻顯著增加閱讀時間,表示詞內各字緊密結合呈現應可增進閱讀。綜合此二實驗的結果,推論中文詞的心理表徵應是詞內各字緊密結合的,且讀者可能具有「詞間心理留空」之特性。
實驗三在探討句子內的詞間距設計之閱讀效應,結果發現,詞間距雖未影響閱讀正確率,但卻有加速閱讀之效果。句內的詞之歧義度越高,詞間距效果越顯著,其中,以詞間距為半字寬時,受試者的閱讀速度最快。實驗四則探討文章內詞間距設計之閱讀效應,並發現詞間距、文章呈現方式 (整頁式或滾動式) 與文章困難度等三變項都顯著影響閱讀時間。文章的困難度較低時,詞間距雖無顯著效果,但困難度越高時,詞間距效果即顯著,且詞間距為半字寬或一字寬皆較傳統詞間距為佳。除文章的困難度顯著影響理解程度外,並無其他變項對因變項有顯著效果。綜合此二實驗的結果,確認中文版面增設詞間距應有增進閱讀之效果,且其大小應在一字寬與傳統詞間距之間。
實驗五在測定速示條件下中文較適的字間距,發現字間距顯著影響受試者正確報告字數之百分比,且字間距以0.4或0.6字寬時較佳,若為減少版面空間,則以0.4字寬為宜。實驗六則在傳統字間距與速示條件時的較適字間距二種情況下,測定中文較適的詞間距,發現字間距並未顯著影響受試者正確報告詞數之百分比;但若詞間距越大,正確百分比即越高。然而詞間距與字間距相差超過0.5字寬時,正確百分比即未再顯著增加。因而推論在速示條件下,中文的詞間距應大於字間距約0.5字寬。
本研究探討的中文以詞代字為呈現單位之閱讀效應,其研究結果可提供實務上對中文版面設計之各項應用,尤其在警告標示內容的設計上,應使文內各意義單位明顯區隔,以減少讀者斷詞之負荷,而使讀者能快速解讀資訊。此雖是版面或編排上之小改革,但以印刷文字使用的深廣,其效益理應不小。
In Chinese, word instead of character is a complete meaningful unit, but there is no word boundary in typographic layout, and interspacing is equally positioned only between characters in a sentence. Therefore, reader must group characters into word. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the reading would be enhanced with leaving more space between words (i.e., words instead of characters as presentation units).
Six experiments were conducted in this study. In Experiment 1, a sonogram detector was used to analyze inter-word and inter-character (within a word) time intervals from text read aloud by professional TV broadcasters versus college graduates. The results showed inter-word intervals to be significantly longer than inter-character intervals, indicating that word spacing has psychological reality in speech. Experiment 2 examined the effect on reading performance due to separating the characters that compose a word. Separating the characters of a word did not decrease reading accuracy, but did result in significantly longer reading times. The results of previous two experiments proved that the recommended words-as- unit is superior to the conventional character-as-unit.
Experiment 3 explored the effect of word spacing in Chinese sentences on reading performance. The results showed that word spacing did not affect reading accuracy, but half-character and whole-character spacing significantly reduced reading time. Experiment 4 investigated the effect of word spacing in Chinese sentences on reading performance. The results demonstrated that the main effects of word spacing, display control (paging versus scrolling), and text difficulty significantly affected reading time, whereas, only text difficulty significantly affected the number of questions answered correctly. The space between words did not affect reading accuracy, but half-character and whole-character spacing significantly reduced reading time. The results of previous two experiments suggest that word spacing in Chinese layout enhance reading performance.
Experiment 5, the appropriate space between characters was determined empirically to be the character spacing necessary to attain over 50% correct recognition for a string that comprised of different numbers of character under extremely exposure duration. The results showed that the appropriate space between characters was 0.4 or 0.6 character size. However, the latter has less screen area than that of the former, thus, the appropriate space between characters was set at 0.4 character size. Experiment 6 investigated the effects of word spacing on recognition accuracy of reporting the number of word for a string with appropriate space between characters, versus, conventional space between characters. The results showed that the more word spacing has, the easier it is to recognize the word. However, the space between words exceeded 0.5 character size, the accuracy rate did not significantly increase again. In addition, the accuracy rate for string presented with their appropriate character spacing did not significant larger than that for it presented with conventional space between characters, the results suggest that subject might decide where are the word boundaries by means of comparing the spaces between words and between characters.
The results of the present study suggest that the understandable units of text were formed as a “closure” by space design might help the reader to more quickly segment a string of characters into words and to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation. The implications of the results for spacing design in Chinese text layout are discussed.
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