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題名:台北市居家老人生活空間與環境體驗之探討
作者:蔡淑瑩 引用關係
作者(外文):Shu-Ying Tsai
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:建築與城鄉研究所
指導教授:黃世孟
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:老人生活空間生活鄰里社會鄰里環境體驗the older peopleliving spaceliving neighborhoodsocial neighborhoodenvironmental experience
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在社會建構中,老人的都市空間經驗在以生產力為主流社會價值的都市中,很自然的被歸屬於社會架構中不重要的一層,而此架構是由「主流社會價值外的人、特質化的時間及空間、老年的社會互動」三部份所組成,這三者環繞著形成一個世代獨特的經驗。面對我國高齡化社會的趨勢下,是急需重視老人與環境的議題。
本研究在觀察老人與環境互動的過程時,將台灣都市老人的生活空間經驗,置入於生活變遷、社會關係及文化脈絡的向度中討論。不同個體之間處理生活方式具有極大的差異性,不能單純的將老人為一均質的人口組成。由於都市環境中空間及資源的集中化使得老人能夠很容易的取得所需要的社會服務;但是相對的,高密度的居住人口、具威脅的都市交通及複雜的實質環境、淡漠的人際關係,帶來的是嚴重的生理及心理壓力,容易發生社會適應不良的情形。
本研究提出以內在中心、家、生活鄰里與社會鄰里四種空間層次中的互動關係來探討老人的生活空間,家不僅是個人擁有的實質生活空間,而且也是社會文化的反映,同時也是老人自我延伸的地方,鄰里環境可分為維持生活所需的生活鄰里及精神層面上與社會互動的社會鄰里。就生活鄰里而言,可以設置各種設施及社區服務,來減低老人經營家環境的困難,透過開發或改善日常生活範圍內的公共設施如公園、老人中心等,並規劃良好的交通方式讓老人易於接近與社會鄰里互動的活動據點,使無形的社會鄰里透過實質環境的配合,可以擴展了老人的生活空間,也達成了老人自我的實現。
老人對於生活空間的環境體驗則是透過活動、內在、回憶與經營四個向度來達成。活動的向度是指老人固定活動方式與內容,透過長期時間所造成的時空慣性,老人可以最少的限制運行於生活空間中。內在的向度則是老人與地方的緊密結合,老人的自我認可是透過地方的認可來達成;回憶的向度則是透過過往人生的經驗的回想,老人再度重建過去的時光,他們可以重新詮釋目前的生活環境,在情感上支持了個人面對人生階段上的變化。經營的向度則是老人主動追求及重建成就的具體表現,此種生活空間的經營,造成與社會良好的互動並達成老人的自我認可。
老人生活空間的變遷是個人也是社會動態發展的過程,因此在討論老化的問題時,應就變遷的角度來討論,本文分別由個人的變遷、家庭的變遷及環境的變遷三方面來討論,由擴展性生活空間與緊縮性生活空間之間呈現動態變化時,在此緊縮的過程時,則需有社會支持的介入,藉由社會上正式部門與非正式部門的協助,將福利、保健與醫療三者規劃成一完整的體系。政策的制定成為由下而上的執行,以對老人較為熟悉的地方性鄰里來掌握老人的生活動態,並提供個體所需的支持,都可以減緩老人在此緊縮過程中所承受適應上之困難,期望達到老人對「在地老化」(Aging in Place)的需求。
In the construction of the society, as the productivity is the society main value , the city space experience of the older people is classified as the less-important level in the social structure. This structure is composed of three parts i.e. people outside the social value, the characterized time and space, the social mutual activity of the old age. Surrounding these three parts, a unique generation experience is formed. In the view of trend of the aging society, the issue about the older people and environment is supposed to be valued.
Viewing the procedure of the older people and environment mutual activity, this research puts the living space experience of Taiwan city olds into the living transition, social relation and culture vein into sector consideration. The way of handling a life from various individual is very different, we can’t simply see the older people as a uniform population composition. Due to the concentration of space and source in city environment, causes the older people can easily get the social service they need. But relatively, the high density of living population, the threat from city traffic, the complicated real environment and the indifferent human relationship bring in the physical and mental serious pressure that can easily causes the condition of social unsuitability.
This research brings up the mutual relationships of four space levels i.e. internal center, family, living neighborhood and social neighborhood to discuss the living space of the older people to probe into the living space of the older people. Home is not only a real living space of an individual but also a reflection of social culture but also a place of self-extension of the older people The neighborhood environment can be divided into the living neighborhood that is the need of living maintenance and the social neighborhood that is the social mutual activity in spirit aspect as for living neighborhood, to reduce the difficulty of management of home environment of the older people. Through the development or improvement of the public facilities in daily living ambits such as parks, shops, the senior center, and the fine traffic plans in the neighborhood, we can make the older people reach the active spots that connected to the social neighbor easily, then can encourage them to participate in more social activities. Not only can expand life space of the older people but also can reach the selfhood accomplishment of them.
The environmental experience of the older people living space can be reached through four sectors; i.e. activity, internal, memory and management. The meaning of activity sector is the fixed activity way and the internal of the older people, through the long term space-time inertia, the older people can move into there living space with minimum restriction. The internal sector is the tight combination between the older people and the place; the self-approval of the older people can be achieved through the place-approval. The memory sector is through the memory of the life experience; the older people reconstruct the old time. They can also reinterpret the current living environment to support the variety of facing life stages emotionally. The management sector is the concrete performance of the older people automatic pursue and reconstructive achievement. The management of living space contributes to the good mutual activity with society and also reach to the self-approval of the older people.
The living space transition of the older people is the procedure of both the individual and the social movement development; therefore, in discussing the issue of aging, we should discuss it in the view of transition. This essay discusses the issue in three ways; the transition of individual, the transition of family, the transition of environment. When the movement various between the expansive living space and the tight living space, during the tight procedure, the intervention of social support is needed. In addition to that, through the assistance from the official and the non-official departments in the society, put the welfare, health care, and medical into one integrity system. Political affairs should be executed from bottom to the top. By the way of using the local neighborhood that the older people are more familiar with, to handle the living movement, we can also support what an individual needs. Thus we can reduce the difficulty that the older people should tolerate during the tight procedure, in order to achieve the need of “Aging in Place”.
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91潘國正 (民86)天皇陛下的赤子:新竹人‧日本人‧戰爭經驗,5-10頁,新竹:齊風堂。
92蔡宏昭 (民78) 老人福利政策,台北:桂冠圖書。
93蔡淑瑩(民81)都市老人休閒活動空間體系之建立---以台北市為例,第七屆全國技術及職業教育研討會。
94蔡漢賢、林萬億 (民73) 中外社會福利行政比較研究,台北:中華文化復興運動推行委員會。
95鄭金川 (民82) 梅洛─龐蒂的美學,台北:遠流。
96蕭惠文 (民75) 台北市都市集合住宅空間形式轉化研究,中原大學建築研究所碩論。
97賴兩陽 (民87) 選舉對老年年金政策形成的影響分析,台北:厚生基金會。
98薛琴(民79)廟埕的生與死,造園季刊5:43頁。
99謝美娥 (民82) 老人長期照護的相關論題,台北:桂冠圖書。
100關山情編(民69)台灣古蹟全集,台北:戶外生活雜誌。
101蘇靜麒(民80)台北市國宅三代同堂單元之居住問題,東海大學建築研究所碩士論文。
102關華山(民81a)台灣「老人自費安養」:以人與環境互動角度探究其理念與實際,行政院國家科學委員會專輯研究計畫成果報告。
103關華山(民81b)台灣老人居住安排與居住問題之研究-----兼論三代同堂,內政部建築研究所籌備處。
104關華山(民81c)居民與社會、文化,台北:明文書局。
翻譯書目
1.Aronson,E.、Wilson,T.D.&Akert,R.M,李茂興、余伯泉譯 (民84) 社會心理學,台北:揚智文化。
2.Blau,Z.S.,朱岑樓譯 (民74) 變遷社會與老年,台北:巨流圖書公司。109頁。
3.Bradshaw,J.,鄭玉英、趙家玉譯(民82)家庭會傷人,台北:張老師。
4.Cavanaugh,J.C. ,徐俊晃譯(民86)成人心理學發展與老化,台北:五南。
5.Decker,D.L.,沈健譯(民77)老年社會學,台北:五洲。
6.Erikson,E.H.、Erikson,J.m.&Kivnick H.Q.周怜利譯 (民89)老年研究報告,台北:張老師。
7.Kendig,H.L.、Hashimoto,A & Coppard,L.C. ,張月霞譯 (民86) 老年人的家庭支持,台北:五南。
8.Kalish,R.A.,張隆順譯(民74)老人心理學,台北:桂冠。
9.Kruger,J.S.、Lubbe,G.J.A. & Steyn,H.C.,蔡百銓譯 (民89) 比較宗教,台北:編譯館。
10.Lvthman&Kirschenbaum,吳就君譯著(民73)家庭動力學,台北:大洋。
11.Marcus,C.C. ,徐絲思譯(民89)家屋,自我的一面鏡子,台北:張老師文化。
12.McAndrew,F.T.,危芷芬譯 (民84) 環境心理學,台北:五南。
13.McDougall,W.,俞國良、雷靂、張登印譯 (民89) 社會心理學導論,台北:昭明心理。
14.Monk,A.,李開敏等譯(民85)老人福利服務,台北:心理出版社。6-8頁。
15.Morris,B.,張慧端譯 (民85) 宗教人類學導讀,台北:編譯館。
16.Norberg-Schulz,施植明譯(民80)場所精神─邁向建築現象學,台北:尚林出版社。
17.Patton,M.Q.,吳芝儀、李奉儒(民84)質的評鑑與研究,台北:桂冠。
18.Powell,D.H.,俞筱鈞譯 (民85) 適應與心理衛生─人生週期之常態適應,台北:楊智文化。
19.Rapoport,A. ,施植明譯(民85)建築環境的意義,台北:田園城市。
20.Rodway,A.,王凱竹譯 (民79) 現代人如何奉養雙親,台北:遠流。
21.Tsurumi,E.P.,林正芳譯 (民88)日治時期台灣教育史,宜蘭:仰山文教基金會。
22.Tuan,.Y.,潘桂成譯(民87) 經驗透視中的空間和地方,台北:國立編譯館。
23.Weeks,J.R.,涂肇慶譯(民89)人口學,台北:桂冠出版社。
24.Zeisel,J.,關華山譯(民76)研究與設計-環境行為的研究,台北:文笙。
25.井上勝也、長鶴紀一,華意蓉譯 (民76) 老年心理學,台北:五州。
二、英文部分
1.Adams, R. (1986). Emotional closeness and physical distances between friends. Implications for elderly women living in age segregates and age intergrated settings. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 22(1):55-76.
2.Altman, I. (1973). Some Perspectives on the Study of Man-Environment Phenomena. Environmental Design Research, Vol.2. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross..
3.Altman, I., & Chemers, M. M. (1980). Culture and Environment. Monterey, CA: rooks/Cole.
4.Altman, I. and Gauvain, M.(1981). A cross-cultural and dialectical analysis of homes. in L. Liben, A. Patterson, & N. Newcombe(Eds.), Spatial representation across the life span. New York: Academic Press.
5.Altman, I., Lawton, M. P. & Wohlwill, J. F. (1984). Elderly People and the Environment. New York and London: Plenum Press.
6.Altman, I., & Werner, C. M., Ed. (1985). Human behavior and environment: Vol. 8. Home environment. New York: Plenum Press.
7.Altman, I., & Rogoff, B. (1987). World views in psychology: Trait, interactional, organismic, and transactional perspectives. Handbook of environmental psychology. D. Stokols and I. Altman. New York: Wiley, 7-40.
8.Altman, I., & Wandersman, A., Ed. (1987). Human Behavior and Environment: Vol. 9. Neighborhood and Community Environments. New York: Plenum Press.
9.Altman, I., & Low, S. M., Ed. (1992). Human behavior and environment: Vol. 12. Place attachment. New York: Plenum.
10.Altman, I. and Churchman, E. A.. (1994). Human behavior and environment: Vol. 13. Women and the Environment. New York: Plenum Press.
11.Amaturo, E., Costagliola, S.,(1987). Furnishing and status attributes: A sociological study of the living room. Environment and Behavior, 11: 89-109.
12.Atchley, R. C. (1977). The Social Forces in Later Life:An Introduction to Social Gerontology. Belmont, Calif.:Wadsworth.
13.Bechtel, R. B., Marans, R. M., & Michelson, W., Eds. (1987). Methods in environmental and behavioral research. New York: Nostrand.
14.Birren, J. E. & Cunningham, W.(1985). Research on the psychology of aging. Principles, concepts, and theory. In J. E. Birren & K. W.Schaie(Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging(2nd ed., pp3-34). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
15.Bonnes, M. & Secchiaroli, G. (1995). Environmental psychology: A psycho-social introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16.Boschetti, M. A. (1984). Emotional attachment to homes past and present: Continuity of Experience and Integrity of self in old age. Saile.
17.Brennan, P. L. (1983). Aging and Environment: Toward an integration of developmental and Environmental views. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2: 253-258.
18.Brim, O.G.,Jr.,& kagan, J.(1980). Constancy and change: A view of the issues. In O. G. Brim, Jr., & J. kagan(Eds.), Constancy and change in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp.1-25.
19.Brody, E. M. and Johnsen, P. T. (1982). Family care of older people:the Philadelphia Geriatric Center. Boston:Gerontological Society of America. Brooks/Cole.
20.Burby, R.J. & Rode, W. M.(1990). Providing for the Housing Needs of the Elderly. Journal of the America Planning Association, 56(2): 324-339.
21.Buter, R.N.(1974). Successful aging and the role of the life review. Journal of the America Geriatrics Society, 22(12): 529-535.
22.Buttimer, A. & Seamon, D. (1980). The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York:ST. Martin’s Press.
23.Buttimer, A.(1980). Social Space and the Planning of Residential Areas .In A, Buttimer and D, Seamon(Eds)The Human Experience of Space and Place. New York:ST.Martin’s.
24.Canter,D.(1991).Understanding, assessing, and acting in places:Is an intergrative framework possible?In Garling,T.& Evans,G.W.(Eds)Environment.cognition,and action. New York:Oxford University Press.
25.Carp,F.M.(1987)Environment and Aging.In D. Stokoles&I.Altman(Eds),Handbook of Environmental Psychology,New York:Wiley,pp.329-360.
26.Carstens,D.Y.(1985) Site Planning and Design for the Elderly.Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
27.Cavanaugh,J.C.(1993). Adult Development and Aging . Brooks/Cole.
28.Cavanaugh,J.C.(1993).The importance of awareness in memory aging. In L. W. Poon, D.C. Rubin, & B. Wilson (Eds.),Everyday cognition in adulthood and late life(pp. 416-436). New York: Cambridge University Brooks/Cole.
29.Coleman, P. G. (1974) .Measuring reminscence characteristics from conversation as adaptive feature of old age. International Journal of Aging and Human Development,5,281-294.
30.Cooper. C. The house as a symbol of self. In J. Lang. C. Burnette. W. Moleski. & D.Vachon (Eds). (1974). Designing for human behavior; Architecture and the behavioral sciences. Dowden: Hutchinson and Ross.
31.Csikszentmihlyi, M. & Rochberg-halton, E. (1981). The meaning of things-Domestic symbols and the self. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32.Cumming, E. & Henry W.(1961). Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. New York: Basic Books.
33.Datan, N. & Lohmann, N. (1980). Transitions of Aging. New York: Academic press.
34.Delong, A. L. (1970). The micro-spatial structure of the older person: Some implications for planning the social and spatial environment. In L. Pastalan & D. H. Carson (Eds), Spatial behavior of older people. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan/Wayne State University Press.
35.Denzin, N. K. (1970). The Research Act in Sociology. London:Butterworths.
36.Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. NY: McGraw-Hill.
37.Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive Interactionism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38.Denzin, N.& Lincoln, Y. (1994). Entering the field of Qualitative Research , Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1-17). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
39.Diana,K.H. and William, E.C. (1980). Sociology of Aging. Boston.
40.Downs, R.M., & Stea, D. (1973). Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: Process and products, In R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior. Chicago: Aldine.
41.Duncan, J. S., Ed. (1982). Housing and identity: Cross-cultural perspectives. New York: Holmes & Meier.
42.Erikon, E.(1985)Identity and the Life Cycle:Selected Papers.New York:International Universities Press.p.89.
43.Gailey,C.W.(1987). Evolutionary perspectives on gender hierarchy.In B. B. Hess & M. M. Feree (Eds.), Analyzing gender(pp.32-67). Newbury Park,CA:Sage Publications.
44.Garner, J. D. & Mercer, S. O. (1982). Meeting the needs of the elderly: Home health care or institutionalization? Health and Social Work, 7(8): 183-191.
45.Gee, E. M. & Kimball, M. M. (1987). Women and Aging. Toronto and Vancouver: Butterworths.
46.Gee, E. M., Garner, J. D. & Mercer, S. O. (1982). Meeting the needs of the elderly : Home health care or institutionalization? Health and Social Work,7(8): 183-191.
47.Gee, E.M.,&Kimball, M.M. (1987) Women and Aging. Canada: Butterworths.
48.Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. New York: Basic Books.
49.Gelfand, D. E. (1980). The Aging Network Programs and Services. New York: Springer.
50.Glaser, B. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
51.Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
52.Glaser, B. G. and A. L. Strauss (1967). Discovery of Grounded Theory: strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
53.Golant, S.M.,(1994). Housing America’s Elderly. Journal of the American Planning Association. Portland.
54.Green, B.S. (1993). Gerontology and the Construction of Old Age. New York: Aldine.
55.Haight, B. K. (1988). The therapeutic role of a structured life review process in homebound elderly subjects. Journal of Gerontology, 43(2): 40-44.
56.Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (1983). Ethnography:Principles in practice. New York: Tavistock.
57.Harris D. K. and Cole W. E.,(1980). Sociology of Aging . Boston : Houghton Mifflinh Co., PP.3-4.
58.Hawley, P. and Chamley, J. D. (1986). Older persons’ perceptions of the quality of their human support system. Ageing and Society, 6(3): 295-312.
59.Hayward, D. G. (1975). Home as an environmental and psychological concept. Landscape, 20(1): 2-9.
60.Howell, S. C. (1980). Designing for Aging Patterns of use. London, The MIT Press.
61.Hurlock, E. B. (1968). Psychology 3rd Ed.. New York:McGraw-Hill Pub.
62.Huttman, E.D. (1985). Social services for the elderly. New York: The Free Press.
63.Institute of Medicine/National Research Council(1988). The Social and Built Environment in an Older Society. Washington, D. C.: National Academy.
64.Jordan J.J. (1975). Senior Center Facilities,The National Council on the Aging. Washington, DC.
65.Kahana, E. & Kahana, B. (1983). Environmental continuity, futurity, and adaptation of the aged. Aging and milieu:Environmental perspectives on growing .In G. D. Rowles & R.J. Ohta(Eds),pp.205-228, New York: Academic Press.
66.Kahana, E. (1982). A Congruence Model of Person-Environment Interaction. New York: Springer.
67.Kane, R.A. & Kane, R. L. (1987). Long-term care: Principles, programs & policies. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
68.Katz,S., Downs, T., Cash, H.R. & Grotz, R.C.(1970).Progress in the Development of the Index of ADL. The Gerontologist.10(1):20-30.
69.Keith, P.(1985). Importance of life area .In E.A.Powers, W.J.Goudy & P.M.Keith,(Eds)Later Life Transitions. MA:Klumer Academic.
70.Kivnick, H.Q.(1982). The meaning of grandparenthood. Ann Arbor,MI:UMI Research.
71.Kleemeier,R.W.(1959).Behavior and the organization of the bodily and the external environment.
72.Krout, J. A. (1988). Senior Center Linkages with Community Organizations, pp.258-275.
73.Krout, J. A. (1989). Senior Centers in America. New York: Greenwood Press.
74.Lawton, M. P. & Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In C. Eisdorfer & M.P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 619-674). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
75.Lawton, M. P. (1980). Environmental change: The older person as initiator and responder. In N. Datan, and N. Lohmann(Eds),Transition of aging. New York: Academic, 171-193.
76.Lawton, M.P., Nahemow , L. & Tsong-Min-Yeh.(1980). Neighborhood environment and the Wellbeing of Older Tenants in Planned Housing. International Jounal of Aging and Human Development, 11(3): 211-227.
77.Lawton, M. P., Windley, P. G., Byerts, T. O.(Eds.). (1982). Aging and the Environment Theoretical Approaches. New York: Springer.
78.Lawton, M. P., Altman, I. & Wohlwill, J. F. (1984). Dimensions of Environment-Behavior Research .In I. Altman , M.P. Lawton & J.F. Wohlwill , (Eds.)Elderly People and the Environment ,New York and London :Plenum press.
79.Lawton, M. P., Moss, M.& Moles, E. (1984). The Suprapersonal Neighborhood Context of Older People─Age Heterogeneity and Well-being, Environment & Behavior, 16(1): 89-109.
80.Lawton, M. P. (1985a). Housing and Living Environments of Older People. In R.H. Binstock and E. Shanas,(Eds.) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences,2d ed.,. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.
81.Lawton, M. P. (1985b). The elderly in context: Perspectives from environmental psychology and gerontology. Environment and Behavior,Vol.17, No.4(7): 501-519.
82.Lawton, M. P. (1987). Methods in Environmental Research with Older People. Environment and Behavior 11: 337-360. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
83.Lawton, M.P., Windley, P.G.& Byerts T.O. (1992). Aging and the Environment. New York: Springer.
84.Lewin,K. (1951). Topological Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.
85.Lynch, K.(1960). The image of the city. MA: MIT Press.
86.Lyndon, D. et al(1962). Towards making places. Landscape, 12(3): 31-41.
87.Matlin, M.W.(1989). Cognition. New York: Holt,Rinehwart,& Winston.
88.McGuiness, D., & Sparks, J. (1979). Cognitive style and cognitive maps: Sex differences in representations of familiar terrain. Journal of Mental Imagery, 7: 101-118.
89.Michelson,.W.(1970). Man and his Urban Environment:A Sociological Approach. Reading.Mass:Addison-Wesley.
90.Millard, P.H., & Smith, C.S. (1981) “Personal belongings: A positive effect?” The Gerontologist 21(1): 85~90.
91.Miller, L. S. & Atchley, R., (1979). Families in later life. Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth.
92.Minkler, M. (1990). Aging and Disability: Being and Beyond the Stereotypes. Journal of Aging Studies, vol. 4, 3: 245-260.
93.Monk, A.(1990).Handbook of Gerontological Services. New York: Columbia University Press.
94.Moos, R. H. & Lemke, S. (1984). Multiphasic environmental assessment procedure: Manaual. Palo Alto, CA: Social Ecology Laboratory, Stanford University Press.
95.Myers, P. (1982). Aging in Place-Strategies to Help the Elderly stay in Revitalizing Neighborhoods. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foudation.
96.Norberg-Schulz, C. (1971). Existence, sapce and architecture. New York: Praeger.
97.Ostrow, A.C.(1980)Physical Activity as It Relates to the Health of the Aged. In Datan&Lotmann(Eds.),Transitions of Aging(p.44). New york : Academic Press.
98.Pastalan, L. A. (1983). Environmental displacement: A literature reflecting old person-environment transactions. Aging and milieu: Environmental perspectives on growing old. G. D. Rowles and R. J. Ohta. New York: Academic Press.
99.Peterson, R.B. (1987). Gender Issues in the Home and Urban Environment. New YORK and London: Plenum Press.
100.Pickles,j.(1985)Phenmenology,science and geography:Towards a hermeneutic ontology of spatiality for the human science.New York:Cambridge University Press. .
101.Porphrios, D. (1985). On Critical History , In Joan Ockman et al.(ed), Architecture Criticism Ideology,pp.16-21. Princetion, N.J.:Princeton Architectural Press.
102.Powell, D. H. (1983). Understanding human adjustment: normal adaptation through the life cycle. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
103.Powers, E.A., Goudy, W.J.,& Keith, P.M.(1985). Later Life Transitions. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing.
104.Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place identity:Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3: 57-83.
105.Rapoport, A. (1973). An approach to the construction of man-environment theory. In W. F. E. Preiser(Ed.), Environmental design research, Bolume2. Stroudsburg, PA.: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross.
106.Rapoport, A. (1982). Aging-environment Theory: A Summary. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
107.Raymond J. B. and William M.R.(1990).Providing for the Housing Needs of the Elderly , APA Journal summer: 324-337.
108.Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Pion.
109.Rose, A. (1965). The subculture of the aging: A framework in social gerontology. In A. M. Rose & W. A. Peterson (Eds.), Older People and Their Social Worlds. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
110.Rowles, G. D. (1978). Prisoners of space? Exploring the geographical experience of older people. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
111.Rowles, G. D. (1980). Growing old inside : Aging and attachment to place in an Appalachian community. Transitions of aging. N. Datan and N. Lohmann. New York: Academic Press, 153-170.
112.Rowles, G. D. (1981). Geographical perspectives on human development. Human Development, 24: 67-76.
113.Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3: 299-313.
114.Rowles, G. D. (1987). A place to call home. Handbook of clinical gerontology. L. L. Carstenson and B. A. Edelstein. New York: Pergamon Press, 335-353.
115.Rowles, G. D., & Ohta, R. J., Ed. (1983). Aging and milieu: Environmental perspectives on growing old. New York: Academic Press.
116.Rubinstein, R. L. (1987). The significance of personal objects to older people. Journal of Aging Studies, 1(3): 225-238.
117.Rubinstein, R. L. (1989). The home environments of older people: A description of the psychological processes linking person to place. Journal of Gerontology, 44(2): S45-S53.
118.Seamon, D. (1976). Extending the man-environment relationship: Wordsworth and Goethe’s experience of the natural world. Monadnock, 50: 18-41.
119.Seamon, D. (1982). The Phenomenological contribution to environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2: 119-140.
120.Sherman, E. (1991). Reminiscence and the self in old age. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
121.Sinnott,J.d.(1977)Sex-role inconstancy,biology,and successful aging:A Dialectical model.Gerontologist,17(5):459-463.
122.Spoehr, K.T., & Lehmkuhle, S.W. (1982). Visual information processing. New York: W.H. Freeman.
123.Spradley,J.P.(1980). Participant Observation. NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
124.Stokols, D., & Altman, I., Ed. (1987). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: Wiley.
125.Taylor, R.B.(1982). Neighborhood physical environment and stress.In G.W.Evans(Ed),Environment stress. New York:Cambridge University Press.
126.Taylor,S.J. & Bogdan R. (1984).Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: The Search for Meaning. 2nd ed.. NY :John Wiley.
127.Thomas, C.C. (1980). The older woman-Lavender Rose or Gray Panther. Illinois: Springfield.
128.Tolman, E.C., Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychology Review, 55: 189-208.
129.Tolman, E.C., Ritchie, B.F., (1946). Studies in spatial learning I. Orientation and the short –cut. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36: 13-24.
130.Tuan, Y. (1975). Place:An Experiential Perspective. The Geographical Review.vol.65 pp.151-165.
131.Tuan, Y. (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
132.Tuan, Y. (1986). The good life. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
133.Tuan, Yi-Fu. (1981). Space and Place. Minnesota:the University of Minnesota Press.
134.Turner, B.F., & Troll, L.E. (1994). Women Growing Older. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
135.Tylor, E.B.(1871). Primitive Culture. London.
136.Unruh, D.R. (1983). Invisible Lives: Social Worlds of the Aged. California: Sage.
137.Virginia, O’neill, Senior Centers - Definition and Descrition of Senior Centers, American Public Welfare Association.
138.Wachs, M.(1988). The Role of Transportation in the Social Integration of the Aged . In Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. The Social and Built Environment in an Older Society. Washington,D.C.: National Academy Press.
139.Ward, R.A. (1984). The Age Experience. New York: Harper&Row.
140.Ward, R.A., La Gory M.,&Sherman,S.R. (1988). The Environment for Aging . Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
141.Wekerle, G. R. (1988). From refuge to service center: Neighborhoods that support women. Women, Housing and Community. Vermont, USA:Avebury.
142.Williams, R.(1981). Culture. Fontana Press.
143.Windley, P.G., & Scheidt, R.J. (1982). An ecological model of mental health among small-town rural elderly. Journal of gerontology, 37, 235~242.
144.Zube, E.H.& Moore, G.T. (1987). Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design: Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press.
三、日文部分
1.丸尾貞美(1984)日本型福祉社會,日本:日本放送出版協會。13-14頁。
2.伊藤明子、園田真理子(1994)高齡時代住,日本東京:建築資料研究社。
3.秋山哲男 (1993) 高齡者住交通,日本東京:日本評論社。
4.真鍋 弘編 (1982) 建築知識,Vol. 24 No. 228(9),日本東京:株式會社建築知識。
5.建築思潮研究所 (1983) 老人住環境,日本東京:建築資料研究所
 
 
 
 
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