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題名:垂直整合市場與策略性貿易之經濟分析
作者:王光正 引用關係
作者(外文):Kuang-Cheng Wang
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:經濟學研究所
指導教授:古慧雯
陳添枝
劉錦添
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:垂直整合市場封殺策略性貿易外國直接投資人造纖維vertical integrationmarket foreclosurestrategic tradeforeign direct investment(FDI)synthetic fiber
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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垂直整合廠商的市場行為,一直是經濟學者關切的熱門話題。這主要是因為垂直整合廠生產上橫跨了上下游製造,在上游或下游市場皆具有特殊能力。令經濟學者最感興趣的是,垂直整合廠商在市場中的行為,垂直整合的進行會不會造成市場封殺(market foreclosure),垂直整合對社會福利、競爭效率造成什麼樣的影響。因為這些議題關係著市場公平競爭,且常為各國反托拉斯法或公平交易法所規範。
在數理分析上,文獻上常運用連續寡佔模型(successive oligopoly model)來描述垂直整合廠在上下游市場行為表現。本文嘗試將垂直整合廠販賣中間財時的信念,放寬至一般化的庫諾競爭假設,在此假設下我們重新探討垂直整合廠商在市場中所扮演的地位,本文得到垂直整合廠在中間財市場中可能購買也可能販售中間財,其決定的關鍵在於產業中垂直整合廠商家數的多寡。垂直整合廠商家數越多越可能販售中間財;反之,越少則越可能在市場中購買中間財。
在本文中我們將垂直整合廠商在中間財市場的買賣行為稱之為策略性購買和策略性販賣,這是因為垂直整合廠在市場中虧本購買中間財純粹是為了墊高獨立下游廠的中間財成本。另一方面,對於垂直整合廠對市場的影響分析我們也得到;如果垂直整合廠商購買中間財會影響中間財價格時,市場封殺會發生在垂直整合廠商購買中間財價格時,垂直整合廠商家數的增加會增進最終財市場的競爭效率,最終財價格會下降。如果垂直整合廠商購買中間財為價格接受者時,市場封殺只可能發生在垂直整合廠商家數較多時,而也只有在垂直整合廠商家數較多時,才可能發生垂直整合廠商家數增加最終財價格上升的現象。
在建立此連續寡佔模型的分析架構後,本文的第二部份將此分析方法運用在策略性貿易問題的討論。分析的焦點在不具垂直整合優勢國家和具垂直整合優勢國家貿易時,產業結構對不具垂直整合優勢國家策略性貿易決策的影響上。我們的結果為:(1.)中間財價格和最終財關稅間並不是單純的遞增或遞減關係。當本國下游廠數目小於外國垂直整合廠家數時,本國廠商所面對的中間財價格隨最終財關稅的增加而上升。反之,當本國下游廠數目大於外國垂直整合廠家數時,本國廠商所面對的中間財價格隨最終財關稅的增加而下降。(2.)最終財價格和最終財關稅間也不是單純的遞增關係。我們得到在當本國下游廠商數較多時,最終財關稅增加本國最終財下降。(3.)雖然本國不生產中間財,本國仍可能對中間財課進口關稅。課中間財進口關稅的時機在本國下游廠數目相當大於外國垂直整合廠時。(4.)實務上中間財關稅和最終財關稅間常呈現階梯關稅的現象,本文導出,產業結構和最終財組裝成本和階梯關稅間的關係。同時,我們的模型顯示,在某些情況下階梯關稅可能會反轉,其時機必定在本國下游廠數目相當大於外國垂直整合廠時。
此部份的研究中同時發現,如果外國垂直整合廠同時對本國出口中間財和最終財時,其出口中間財時會發生迴旋鏢效果(boomerang effect)。這個效果可討論一個國貿理論重要命題--「當商品間貿易發生關稅障礙時,會造成生產要素的移動」。我們提出例證,對中間財課徵關稅反而使出口中間財的外國垂直整合廠利潤上升。這個結果表示,當商品間貿易發生關稅障礙時,外國廠商不會進行直接投資或成立跨國公司。換言之,商品間貿易發生關稅障礙時,生產要素(資本)不一定會移動。造成這個結果是因為對中間財課徵關稅時,迴旋鏢效果下降所致。在這些研究中我們發現,允許兩國產業結構差異化後,傳統策略性貿易政策理論的結果的確產生很大的變化,其關係往往和兩國間的產業結構有關。
本文的第三部份進行實證檢驗,以台灣人造纖維產業的產業資料檢驗先前所建立的連續寡佔模型,比較之前文獻和本文理論對價格的預測能力。實證研究主要分成兩個部份,在模擬分析中,先以兩理論模型先算出價格估計值,再比較計算實際價格和估計值之殘差平方和大小,小者為優。我們得到的結果是兩者的預測價格能力不分軒輊。模擬分析得到這個結果,我們認為非常可能是因樣本不足所致。另一部份是趨勢分析,我們所進行的趨勢分析類似符號檢定, 在趨勢分析分析中本文理論預期結果較接近產業實際狀況。
Abstract
The behavior of vertical integrated firms (VI firms) has been an important problem in industrial organization for a long time. The reason that economics were interested in it is vertical mergers may result in market foreclosure and, as a result, be harmful to competition.
We use the successive oligopoly model discussing how vertical mergers affects markets competition. Comparing with the papers have focused on this topic, this thesis releases the assumption that VI firms can''t sell or buy intermediate goods in the market. Our paper includes 5 chapters. The first chapter is introduction. In the second chapter we try to build a model describing how vertical integrated firm buy or sell intermediate good with successive oligopoly model. We get the more VI firms in the industry the more possibility they''ll sell intermediate goods in the market. When there is only one VI firm , it''s strategy must be strategic buying in the market. The phenomenon of market foreclosure is only happened when VI firms buy intermediate goods strategically. However, increasing the number of VI firms will cause the final good market to be more competitive and, as a result, reduce the final good price.
In the third chapter, the model we have developed in the second chapter is applied to the analyses of strategic trade policies. We find that the relationship between the final goods price and tariff isn''t monotonous increasing. When numbers of domestic downstream firms is more than some certain numbers of foreign VI firms, increasing final good tariff will induce the final goods price to decrease. The domestic economy of domestic tariffs should imposed on a final good, but the domestic Gov''t may take the tax or subsidy policy on the domestic intermediate good.
In the fourth chapter of our study, we test the result of chapter 2 with the data of Taiwan''s synthetic fiber industry. We compare accuracy between Salinger''s Model (1988) and our model. We find that our model is more accurate than Salinger''s in trend examinations, but their accurate is no difference in simulation examination.
In the last chapter, it''s conclusion and prospect of this thesis.
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