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題名：重大職災暨營造業墜落職災之情境分析與預防措施
作者：張庭彰
作者(外文)：Chang Tin-Chang
校院名稱：國立臺灣科技大學
系所名稱：工業管理系
指導教授：紀佳芬
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2004
主題關鍵詞：重大職災；營造業墜落重大職災；情境分析；Cramer’s V；Phi分析；Occupational Fatalities；Fatal Falls；Construction Industry；Scenario Analysis；Cramer’s V；Phi Analysis
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意外事故分析對我國預防職業災害而言是很重要的議題。尤其重大職災不容易找出真正的致災原因(Catteledge, 1996)。本論文二個重大職災研究。
研究一分析台灣地區民國88-89年784個重大職災個案，並根據行政院勞委會重大職災報告進行編碼，並利用Spearman’s 等級相關、Cramer’s V及Phi係數分析784個重大職災個案。並根據性別、年齡、工作經驗、雇用人數、行業別、媒介物、災害類型等因素進行分析。其中，Spearman’s 等級相關、Cramer’s V分析各因素間的相關，Phi係數則是分別找出岀各因素中各類別水準的關係。最後並根據Phi顯著找出相關的情境(scenarios)，包括：營造業中因營造物發生墜落；製造業中因裝卸搬運機械及動力機械發生被夾被捲；製造業中因物質材料發生爆炸及高低溫有害物接觸意外；運輸倉儲通訊業因裝卸搬運機械發生被衝被撞事故；農林漁牧業因環境發生溺斃。高危險族群(High-risk group)則包括：營造業勞工工作經驗不到1年且在不到30人的小公司；製造業勞工工作經驗1-15年且在超過30人以上公司。
研究二分析行政院勞委會民國83-86年621個營建業墜落重大職災個案報告，並分別根據四個因素進行編碼：個人因素(年齡、性別、工作經驗及防護具使用狀況)、作業因素、環境因素(墜落位置)、管理因素(公司規模)、墜落原因以及其他墜落相關因素。結果發現營造業墜落主要為男性(92.4%)、工作經驗不足1年(80.5%)、公司規模為不足30人的小公司(26.4%)。墜落情境則是根據顯著相關的連結包括：作業--墜落原因─墜落事故類型，其中，顯著情境包括：屋頂作業因鷹架及施工架不符規定而踏穿屋頂表面、鋼構作業因為個人防護具使用不當而從結構物或是鋼構上墜落、拆除作業因施力不當而從梯子墜落、外牆粉刷作業因為鷹架及施工架不符規定而從鷹架施工架上墜落、清潔整理作業因缺乏適當防護而由營建物開口部分墜落、混凝土作業因開口沒有防護而由樓梯墜落、衛生相關作業因為不安全梯子及工具發生由梯子墜落、門窗相關作業因沒適當保護措施從營建物開口墜落。有效的防護措施包括(1)樓板地面防護(地面清潔、防滑)、(2)固定式護欄(扶手、護欄)、(3)樓板開口防護(開口護蓋、護欄)、(4)活動(步行)限制系統(安全母索、繫索跟腰負式安全帶)、(5)墜落制止系統(安全母索、繫索跟背負式安全帶) 、(6)安全網。
Accident analysis is an important source of information for developing prevention strategies and making decisions. Two studies were conducted in this dissertation. The first study, we analyzed 784 work-related single fatalities that occurred in 1999 and 2000. For each single fatality, age, gender, number of workers employed by the company, level of experience, type of industry, source of injury, and accident type were classified into several useful categories. The Phi coefficients were used to screen for significant accident scenarios in terms of industry, source of injury and accident type, and high-risk groups in terms of company size, worker’s experience and industry group combinations. Significant accident scenarios identified included: falling fatalities caused by structure and construction facility in the construction industry; caught in between and clamped fatalities caused by loading and unloading machinery, and power machinery in the manufacturing industry; explosion and contacting hazardous materials and extreme temperature fatalities caused by materials and supplies in the manufacturing industry; struck by and against fatalities caused by loading and unloading machinery in the transport, storage and communication industry; and drowning fatalities caused by environment in the farming and fishing industry. High-risk groups identified were construction workers with less than 1 year of experience who were employed by small companies with less than 30 workers; and manufacturing workers with 1 to 15 years of experience who were employed by large companies with more than 30 workers.
The second study developed a classification scheme to identify contributing factors for fatal falls in construction industry. Six hundred and twenty-one occupational fall fatalities in terms of individual factors (age, gender, experience level of the victim, and use of personal protective equipment), task factors (performing tasks), environmental factors (falling site), management factors (company size measured by number of workers), cause of fall, and other relevant factors were coded for the analysis. The result indicated that majority of victims were male (92.4%), with less than 1 year of experience (80.5%), and work for small companies with less than 30 workers (26.4%). Accident patterns (scenarios) were derived presented by significant linkage among performing task, cause of fall and accident event. Significant performing task—cause of fall—accident event scenarios identified include: roofing task without complying scaffolds then fall through roof surface, steel structure work without using the personal protective equipment properly then fall from building girders or other structure steel; tearing down by overexertion and unusual control then fall from the ladders; plaster work of outer wall without complying scaffolds then fall from scaffold and stage; cleaning and housekeeping without appropriate protection then fall through existing floor surface; concrete work with unguarded opening then fall down stairs or steps; plumbing using unsafe ladders and tools and fall from ladder; windowing and door frame work without appropriate protection then fall through existing floor opening. Effective countermeasures of surface protection (non-slip flooring), fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails), surface opening protection (removable covers, guardrails), travel restraint systems (safety line and belt), fall arrest systems (safety line and harness), fall containment systems (safety nets), were ranked by priority for each cause of fall
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