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題名：應用個體計量的三篇研究：教育政策、跨代教育效果與統計生命價值的評估
作者：蔡彣涓
作者(外文)：Wehn-Jyuan Tsai
校院名稱：臺灣大學
系所名稱：經濟學研究所
指導教授：劉錦添
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2006
主題關鍵詞：教育政策；義務教育；性別差異；就業；跨代教育移轉；自然試驗；工具變數；廠商與勞工合併的縱橫資料；職業死亡風險；統計生命價值；雙向固定效果模型；Education policy；Compulsory education；Gender gap；Employment；Intergenerational transmission of human capital；Natural experiment；Instrumental variable；Longitudinal employer-employee matched data；On-the-job fatality risk；Value of a statistical life；Two-way fixed-effects model
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My research involves applying advanced econometric techniques to further our understanding of some key issues in applied microeconomics. This dissertation is composed of three self-contained empirical essays.
In chapter 1, we analyze the 1968 educational reform in Taiwan and its impact on gender disparities in schooling, as well as workforce outcomes (including sector/class of employment). The 1968 educational reform extended the island’s tuition-free compulsory education from six to nine years and has long been recognized as a critical role in the rise in educational attainment, resulting in considerable changes in the structure of the labor market. Our regression accounting for schooling (based upon the 1980 and 1990 censuses) suggests that the reform did not lead to convergence of the gap in the employment rate based upon gender, but instead, allocated those females educated to junior-high school level into the modern sectors, by reducing the male-female differentials in the contributions of schooling among this group. Using a structural-form estimation of the effects of the 1968 reform, this equates to an increase of 14 per cent, for each additional year of schooling, in the probability of females being employed in manufacturing, alongside a corresponding shift of females out of agriculture.
In chapter 2, we exploit the natural experiment brought about by the Taiwanese educational reform in 1968 to evaluate the effects of parental schooling on educational achievements by the subsequent generation. Between 1968 and 1973, the Taiwanese government was involved in the greatest expansion of the public junior high school system on record. This policy introduced an exogenously regional variation in schooling between pre-reform and post-reform cohorts.
We take advantage of the region-specific and cohort-based intensity of the program, as measured by the stock of public junior high schools per 1,000 of the population aged between 12 and 14 years in a given year, to construct instrumental variable (IV) estimates of the inter-generational schooling effect. Using the Joint College Entrance Examination (JCEE) files from 2000 to 2003, we examine the influence of compulsory education undertaken by parents on their children’s JCEE scores.
Our estimates suggest that the schooling of the mother and the father have diverse effects on a child’s test performance scores. While the father’s schooling does have a determining role in the access of his child to post-secondary education, higher educational achievements by the mother are found to significantly improve the quality of the college or university which the child may ultimately attend. This measurement is undertaken by two different outcomes, whether children attend a public university, or whether they attend one of the top six public universities in Taiwan.
In chapter 3, we use a unique longitudinally-linked employer-employee dataset, covering the period 1998-2000, to estimate the value of a statistical life for both male and female workers in Taiwan. Using the linked employer-employee data, we construct on-the-job injury and fatality risk measures that effectively capture the variation in job risks for the firm in which the worker was employed. Our panel of workers and firms also permits us to control for unobserved characteristics specific to both workers and firms.
Based upon the estimation of the individual- and firm-level fixed effects, our results indicate that the value of life for male workers is US$0.03 million, while the value of life for female workers is US$0.14 million (both in 1998 dollars). Unlike the conventional industry or occupational risk measures which were invariably used in the prior studies, these value-of-life estimates recognize the variation in job risks between firms (with adjustment for the differences in job risks for each gender) as well as the unobservable heterogeneity of both workers and firms.
Chapter 1
Abu-Ghaida, Dina. “The Costs of Missing the Millennium Development Goal on Gender Equity.” World Development, July 2004, 32(7), pp.1075-1107.
Bound, John, David A. Jaeger, and Regina M. Baker. “Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the Instruments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is Weak.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1995, 90(430), pp.443-450.
Chang, Chun Chig Jim. “The Nine-Year Compulsory Education Policy and the Development of Human Resources in Taiwan (1950-1990). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 1991.
Clark, Diana E., and Chang-Tai Hsieh. “Schooling and Labor Market Impact of the 1968 Nine-Year Education Program in Taiwan.” Working Paper, Department of Economics, Princeton University, June 2000.
Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. Statistical Abstract of the Republic of China, 1968-1971, 1983.
Department of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), Taiwan Provincial Government. Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, 1971-1981.
Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. Monthly Bulletin of Labor Statistics Republic of China (Special Topic: Report on the Internal Migration of Labor Force in Taiwan Area), 1981.
Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. Report on the Internal Migration Survey in Taiwan Area Republic of China, 1990.
Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. National Income of the Republic of China, 1993, 2004.
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. Yearbook of Manpower Statistics Taiwan Area Republic of China, 2004.
Duflo, Esther. “Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment.” American Economic Review, September 2001, 91(4), pp.795-813.
Goldin, Claudia. “America’s Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of Secondary Schooling in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Economic History, Jun. 1998, pt. 2, 58(2), pp.345-374.
Goldin, Claudia. “Egalitarianism and the Returns to Education during the Great Transformation of American Education.” Journal of Political Economy, December 1999, pt. 2, 107(6), pp.S65-S94.
Heckman, James J., Thomas M. Lyons, and Petra E. Todd. “Understanding Black-White Wage Differentials, 1960-1990.” American Economic Review, May 2000, 90(2), pp.344-349.
Horton, Susan. “Marginalization Revisited: Women’s Market Work and Pay, and Economic Development.” World Development, March 1999, 27(3), pp.571-582.
Knowles, Stephen, Paula K. Lorgelly, and P. Dorian Owen. “Are Educational Gender Gaps a Brake on Economic Development? Some Cross-Country Empirical Evidence.” Oxford Economic Papers, January 2002, 54(1), pp.118-149.
Levenson, Alec R. “The Role of Agricultural and Female Labor Mobility in Taiwan’s Industrialization: 1976-91.” Review of Development Economics, February 2000, 4(1), pp.101-119.
Mingat, Alain. “The Strategy Used by High-performing Asian Economies in Education: Some Lessons for Developing Countries.” World Development, April 1998, 26(4), pp.695-715.
Ministry of Education (MOE). Educational Statistics of the Republic of China, 1968-1971, 2004.
Mundle, Sudipto. “Financing Human Development: Some Lessons from Advanced Asian Countries.” World Development, April 1998, 26(4), pp.659-672.
Self, Sharmistha, and Richard Grabowski. “Does Education at All Levels Cause Growth? India, a Case Study.” Economics of Education Review, February 2004, 23(1), pp.47-55.
Smith, James P., and Finis R. Welch. “Black Economic Progress after Myrdal.” Journal of Economic Literature, June 1989, 27(2), pp.519-564.
Spohr, Chris A. “Formal Schooling and Workforce Participation in a Rapidly Developing Economy: Evidence from “Compulsory” Junior High School in Taiwan.” Journal of Development Economics, April 2003, 70(2), pp.291-327.
Tsai, Shu-Ling, Hill Gates, and Hei-Yuan Chiu. “Schooling Taiwan’s Women: Educational Attainment in the Mid-20th Century.” Sociology of Education, October 1994, 67(4), pp.243-63.
Tsurumi, E. Patricia. “Education and Assimilation in Taiwan under Japanese Rule, 1895-1945.” Modern Asian Studies, 1979, 13(4), pp.617-641.
Vere, James P. “Education, Development, and Wage Inequality: The Case of Taiwan.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, April 2005, 53(3), pp.711-735.
Woo, Jennie Hay. “Education and Economic Growth in Taiwan: A Case of Successful Planning.” World Development, August 1991, 19(8), pp.1029-1044.
Zhang, Junsen, and Pak-Wai Liu. “Testing Becker’s Prediction on Assortative Mating on Spouses’ Wages.” Journal of Human Resources, Winter 2003, 38(1), pp.99-110.

Chapter 2
Becker, Gary S., and H. Gregg Lewis. “On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children.” Journal of Political Economy, March-April 1973, 81(2), Part 2: New Economic Approach to Fertility, pp.S279-288.
Becker, Gary S., and Nigel Tomes. “Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families.” Journal of Labor Economics, July 1986, 4(3), Part 2, pp.S1-39.
Behrman, Jere R., Andrew D. Foster, Mark R. Rosenzweig, and Prem Vashishtha. “Women’s Schooling, Home Teaching, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy, August 1999, 107(4), pp.682-714.
Behrman, Jere R., and Mark R. Rosenzweig. “Does Increasing Women’s Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation?” American Economic Review, March 2002, 92(1), pp.323-34.
Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, and Kjell G. Salvanes. “Why the Apple Doesn''t Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital.” American Economic Review, 95(1), March 2005, pp. 437-449.
Bound, John, David A. Jaeger, and Regina M. Baker. “Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the Instruments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is Weak.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1995, 90(430), pp.443-450.
Clark, Diana E., and Chang-Tai Hsieh. “Schooling and Labor Market Impact of the 1968 Nine-Year Education Program in Taiwan.” Working Paper, Department of Economics, Princeton University, June 2000.
Currie, Janet, and Enrico Moretti. “Mother’s Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 2003, 118(4), pp1495-1532.
de Walque, Damien. “Parental Education and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Is the Effect Nature, Nurture, or Both? Evidence from Recomposed Families in Rwanda.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.3483, January 2005.
Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics (DGBAS), Executive Yuan. Statistical Abstract of the Republic of China, 1983.
Duflo, Esther. “Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment.” American Economic Review, September 2001, 91(4), pp.795-813.
Fuchs, Victor R. "Time Preference and Health: An Exploratory Study." Economic Aspects of Health, edited by Victor R. Fuchs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp.93-120.
Goldberger, Arthur S. “Economic and Mechanical Models of Intergenerational Transmission.” American Economic Review, June 1989, 79(3), pp.504-513.
Grawe, Nathan D., and Casey B. Mulligan. “Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2002, 16(3), pp.45-58.
Grossman, Michael. "Education and Nonmarket Outcomes." Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by Eric Hanushek and Finis Welch, Amsterdam: North-Holland, Elsevier Science, October 2006.
Hahn, Jinyong, Petra Todd, and Wilbert Van Der Klaauw. “Identification and Estimation of Treatment Effects with a Regression-Discontinuity Design.” Econometrica, January 2001, 69(1), pp.201-209.
Haveman, Robert, and Barbara Wolfe. “The Determinants of Children’s Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings.” Journal of Economic Literature, December 1995, 33(4), pp.1829-1878.
Imbens, Guido W., and Joshua D. Angrist. “Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects.” Econometrica, March 1994, 62(2), pp.467-475.
Lillard, Lee A., and Robert J. Willis. “Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Effects of Family and State in Malaysia.” Journal of Human Resources, Fall 1994, 29(4), pp.1126-1166.
Liu, Jin-Tan, Shin-Yi Chou, and Jin-Long Liu. “Asymmetries in Progression in Higher Education in Taiwan: Parental Education and Income Effects.” Economics of Education Review, December 2006, 25(6), pp.647-658.
Lucas, Christopher J. “The Politics of National Development and Education in Taiwan.” Comparative Politics, January 1982, 14(2), pp.211-225.
Ministry of Education (MOE). Educational Statistics of the Republic of China, 1968-1971.
Oreopoulos, Philip. “Estimating Average and Local Average Treatment Effects of Education when Compulsory Schooling Laws Really Matter.” American Economic Review, March 2006, 96(1), pp.152-175.
Oreopoulos, Philip, Marianne E. Page, and Ann Huff Stevens. “Does Human Capital Transfer from Parent to Child? The Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling.” National Bureau of Economic Research (Cambridge, MA) Working Paper No.10164, December 2003.
Oreopoulos, Philip, Marianne E. Page, and Ann Huff Stevens. “The Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling.” Journal of Labor Economics, October 2006, 24(4), pp.729-760.
Parish, William L., and Robert J. Willis. “Daughters, Education, and Family Budgets Taiwan Experiences.” Journal of Human Resources, Special Issue: Symposium on Investments in Women’s Human Capital and Development, Autumn 1993, 28(4), pp.863-898.
Plug, Erik, and Wim Vijverberg. “Schooling, Family Background, and Adoption: Is It Nature or Is It Nurture?” Journal of Political Economy, June 2003, 111(3), pp.611-41.
Spohr, Chris A. “Formal Schooling and Workforce Participation in a Rapidly Developing Economy: Evidence from “Compulsory” Junior High School in Taiwan.” Journal of Development Economics, April 2003, 70(2), pp.291-327.
Tsai, Shu-Ling, Hill Gates, and Hei-Yuan Chiu. “Schooling Taiwan’s Women: Educational Attainment in the Mid-20th Century.” Sociology of Education, October 1994, 67(4), pp.243-63.
Van Der Klaauw, Wilbert. “Estimating the Effect of Financial Aid Offers on College Enrollment: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach.” International Economic Review, November 2002, 43(4), pp.1249-1287.

Chapter 3
Brown, Charles. “Equalizing Differences in the Labor Market.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1980, 94(1), pp.113-134.
Cousineau, Jean-Michel, Robert Lacroix, and Anne-Marie Girard. “Occupational Hazard and Wage Compensating Differentials.” Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1992, 74(1), pp.166-169.
Frank, Robert H., and Cass R. Sunstein. “Cost-Benefit Analysis and Relative Position.” University of Chicago Law Review, Spring 2001, 68(2), pp.323-374.
Hamermesh, Daniel S. “LEEping into the Future of Labor Economics: The Research Potential of Linking Employer and Employee Data.” Labour Economics, March 1999, 6(1), pp.25-41.
Hersch, Joni. “Compensating Differentials for Gender-Specific Job Injury Risks.” American Economic Review, June 1998, 88(3), pp.598-607.
Kniesner, Thomas J., and W. Kip Viscusi. “Value of a Statistical Life: Relative Position vs. Relative Age.” American Economic Review, May 2005, 95(2), pp.142-146.
Liu, Jin-Tan, and James K. Hammitt. “Perceived Risk and Value of Workplace Safety in a Developing Country.” Journal of Risk Research, July 1999, 2(3), pp.263-275.
Liu, Jin-Tan, James K. Hammitt, and Jin-Long Liu. “Estimated Hedonic Wage Function and Value of Life in a Developing Country.” Economics Letters, December 1997, 57(3), pp.353-358.
Rosen, Sherwin. “The Theory of Equalizing Differences,” in Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986, pp.641-692.
Shogren, Jason F., and Tommy Stamland. “Skill and the Value of Life.” Journal of Political Economy, October 2002, 110(5), pp.1168-1173.
Viscusi, W. Kip. “The Value of Life: Estimates with Risks by Occupation and Industry.” Economic Inquiry, January 2004, 42(1), pp.29-48.
Viscusi, W. Kip, and Charles J. O’Connor. “Adaptive Responses to Chemical Labeling: Are Workers Bayesian Decision Makers?” American Economic Review, December 1984, 74(5), pp.942-956.
Viscusi, W. Kip, and Joni Hersch. “Cigarette Smokers as Job Risk Takers.” Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2001, 83(2), pp.269-280.
Viscusi, W. Kip, and Joseph E. Aldy. “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, August 2003, 27(1), pp.5-76.
 
 
 
 
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