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題名:邁向條件句:真值條件與可接受條件
作者:蘇慶輝
作者(外文):Ching Hui Su
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:哲學所
指導教授:王文方
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:真值函數語意論指示條件句可斷說性條件條件句可能世界語意論機率語意論ifindicative conditionalstruth-functional semanticspossible-world semanticsprobabilistic semanticsconditionals
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  條件句是指具有「如果…則…」形式的語句,它在日常生活推論中扮演了重要的角色。舉例來說,當你知道「如果有獅子的足跡,則代表獅子在這附近」,你最好在發現足跡後趕快離開那個地方,否則你很有可能會被成為獅子的大嚏F當你知道「如果昨天下過大雨,則溪水會變得汙濁」,而你發現溪水很清澈,你可以自信地斷定昨天沒有下過大雨;當你知道「如果論文順利在六月寫完,則可以在七月畢業」,你將會積極地趕論文,以期能在七月畢業。這些可能實際發生的推論,顯示出人類可以輕易地使用條件句來從事日常推論。不過遺憾的是,當進一步詢問條件句的語意時,問題似乎沒那麼簡單。
  所謂的「條件句的語意問題」是指關於條件句的意義是什麼,不過「意義」本身就是一個很模糊的概念,使得某些哲學家(例如Quine)反對其存在。不過,關於意義,有一個很容易在邏輯教科書上看到的觀點是「真值條件意義理論」,亦即將意義等同於真值條件;所以條件句的意義問題會等同於條件句的真值條件問題。不過這樣的看法並不是全無問題的,因為當條件句的前件為假時,我們很難清楚地斷定其真假。於是有些哲學家(例如Adams)建議我們應該從條件句的可斷說性條件來探究,所以條件句的意義問題會變成對其可斷說條件的討論。值得注意的是,以上兩個切入問題的途徑主要是針對條件句的語意分析,但是我們還關心條件句的推論性質,因為條件句在推論中扮演了一定的角色,使得我們對它的推論性質感到好奇。於是在本論文中,條件句的語意問題將會細分成三個子問題:真值條件、可接受條件與推論性質。
  總之,本論文旨在討論指示條件句的語意,並試圖提供一個令人滿意的語意。不過在論述上,本文將先對條件句做簡單的區分:指示條件句與虛擬條件句。於是本文的第一章「區分條件句」旨在做一些細緻的區分。第二章「指示條件句的語意論」將會分別介紹真值函數語意論、可能世界語意論,以及機率語意論。第三章「語用途徑」旨在補充真值函數語意論的不足。對我而言,文獻中對條件句的討論將自然語言看得太過簡單,忽略了自然語言豐富的現象。另一方面,我注意到釵h反對真值函數語意論的人誤將真值條件與接受條件合併在一起,這樣不恰當的合併導致了釵h的攻擊,不過我認為這些攻擊都是有問題的。我相信透過這樣的釐清,不但可以為真值函數語意論辯護,更可以讓我們更知道如何去理解條件句。
  A theory of conditionals is supposed to explain all (or at least most) linguistic phenomena concerning ‘if’. Since what we are concerned with are linguistic phenomena whose occurrences are due to the meaning of ‘if’, what we are looking for is a semantic theory of conditionals that explains these phenomena. So far there are three semantic theories in the literature on conditionals: truth-functional semantics, non-truth-functional semantics (possible world semantics), and no-truth-value semantics (probabilistic semantics). In this dissertation, I will introduce these three theories and try to defend truth-functional semantics.
Although the topic is conditionals, I don''t mean to include here every kind of conditional as my explanandum. To make the topic manageable, I will first make some distinctions between various kinds of conditionals, and focus on so-called indicative conditionals. Then, I will introduce three semantic theories which attempt to explain indicative conditionals. Finally, I will argue that neither non-truth- functional semantics nor no-truth-value semantics is better than truth-functional semantics, for we can explain away those apparent counterexamples to truth-functional semantics by a pragmatic approach.
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