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題名:法官量刑影響因素之實證研究
作者:郭豫珍
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:陳玉書
林錦芳
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:量刑準則情緒控制理論焦點關注理論量刑改革
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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摘 要 量刑歧異是長期存在的、全球化的問題;也是推動量刑改革運動的重要根源。量刑必須公正、公平,是不分時空,人類對刑事司法體系的基本期待;作為最小公約數,量刑的公正性維繫於不合理歧異的縮小或排除。而如何避免法官量刑歧異,建構公平的司法模式,無疑也是一個世界性的共同難題。本研究打破學術與實務兩界藩籬,將法律學領域傳統的研究方法與社會學、犯罪學領域的實證研究,進行科際整合,從法官量刑行為的研究出發,一方面採用質化研究途徑,對法官進行深度訪談,期能獲得屬於法官「內在層面」的資料,例如:經驗、意見、感受及知識等;一方面藉由2002年至2006年708件台灣高等法院強盜罪刑事案件判決書分析,觀察犯罪動機、目的、手段、前案紀錄及犯罪後態度…等刑法第57條所定因素或其他非法定因素,何者較具量刑審酌的重要性及其對量刑結果的影響力。藉此探索我國刑事司法體系的法律文化,期能在這個基礎上,對量刑歧異現象找出根源,提供司法行政部門進行量刑改革的重要基礎。並進一步廣泛蒐集各國量刑改革的模式,透過國際比較途徑,開拓學術與實務兩界在討論量刑改革議題的宏觀視角,期能將現階段改革的是非命題──美國模式的接受或拒絕,轉化成多元思維的選擇題──除了美國模式,有無其他更佳選擇。 就此,本研究發現: 一、量刑歧異現象確實存在 量刑歧異是全球性的問題,本研究發現我國司法實務上也無法避免這樣的難題。例如加重強盜罪最低刑度為22.00個月,最高刑度為240個月,平均刑度是92.54個月(約7年9月),最高刑度與最低刑度差距達218個月。會存在量刑不公的印象,關鍵在於「法定刑幅度」太大,而各個量刑審酌因素在決定量刑時缺乏適度規範與準據。 二、並非所有法定量刑因素都對量刑有影響力 經質化訪談分析,法官量刑時對於第57條的法定因素,事實上僅較多集中關注於幾個因素,如犯罪手段、犯罪所生危害或損害、犯罪後的態度;另外,有無前案紀錄也被視為認定「品行」良寙的指標,而被關注。在非法定量刑因素方面,性別是主要的因素;其次,是被告的法庭表現。至於有些因素,例如動機、目的,所受刺激、生活狀況、被告的智識程度、與被害人的關係等,就比較不去重視。 量化研究結果也顯示,犯罪手段與工具、犯罪所得財物種類與價值、強盜前案紀錄、假釋中犯罪、是否累犯、湮滅證據、被告是否得到被害人宥恕、被害人人數和被告性別等,對刑度有顯著影響力。至於犯罪動機、目的、與被害人關係、判決結果是上訴駁回或撤銷改判、辯護人類別等,對量刑則無顯著影響。質化研究與量化研究兩者有相當程度的吻合。 三、焦點關注理論可以解釋法定因素對量刑的影響、情緒控制理論某程度也可以解釋非法定因素對量刑的影響 (一) 焦點關注理論: 從量化研究綜合分析顯示:行為人人數愈多,對被害人心理威脅性愈大、實際損害一般也愈大,攜帶槍砲對社會與個人生命安全的威脅程度甚鉅,票據類常屬大額面值的簽署,卡類證件則經常附加對生命、身體的高度強制與侵害;換言之,現實發生的犯罪的嚴重性與法官量刑有顯著的關聯性。這一現象符合Steffensmeier 等所發展的量刑焦點關注理論中的第一個焦點關注。假釋中犯罪、強盜前案紀錄、是否累犯和被告性別對刑度有顯著影響力。這一發現也與第二、三個焦點相吻合。 而從質化訪談歸納出如下結論:法官對於刑法第57條的法定量刑因素,較多集中關注於幾個因素,最優先群組:「犯罪手段」與「所生危險或損害」;第二級:「行為人品行」與「犯後態度」;至於非法定量刑因素方面,被告性別是主要關注的因素;其次,是被告的法庭表現。 (二)情緒控制理論 從質化訪談的研究發現,「情緒控制理論」所述的現象,也隱約出現在本研究結論。多數法官認為被害人或被告在法庭上的態度都會影響量刑。量化研究也發現,被害人數、湮滅證據與被害人的宥恕對刑度有顯著影響力;這一發現,某種程度印證情緒控制理論解釋量刑的合適性。 五、整體而言法官並不完全排斥輔助量刑措施的建構 基於妥適量刑、達到量刑的一致性、追求平均的正義、有助被害人或被告信服、型塑司法的公正性及減輕社會的疑慮等理由,多數法官並不反對司法行政部門研擬「量刑的輔助性措施」。只要不會加重法官的負擔,不具強制性,不至於侵害法官的裁量權,受訪法官大多能接受,也多願意參考。這一發現與過去輿論報導「遭多數法官反對」的論述顯有不同。 六、美國模式並非我國量刑改革的唯一選項 早在1970年代中後期,由於實證主義的盛行與法官自由量刑權的廣泛運用,不合理的量刑歧異益形明顯,一股從美國開始的量刑改革浪潮席捲全球。各國都在積極探索有效規範量刑的新模式和新方法。美國模式並非我國量刑改革的唯一選項;但長期以來國內在這個領域的研究都僅著重於美國的制度,司法行政部門只要一提到量刑改革,更是言必稱美國量刑準則。儘管司法行政部門現階段推行美國模式不遺餘力;但本研究訪談發現,該模式只獲得一位法官青睞;受訪法官普遍存有疑慮。就此,本研究的發現可以讓現階段「贊成」與「反對」的是非命題,開拓視野,變成多元政策選項的跨國比較命題。 七、社會對司法刻板印象的否證 國人對於司法界經常存有一些刻板印象,例如「一審重判,二審減半,三審豬腳麵線(即改判無罪,虛驚一場)」,或「女法官心腸較軟,下手較輕」......。其實,這些印象透過本研究的實證分析,至少在強盜犯罪的審判上,都呈現否證的結論。
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