[1]Su TS, Tsai WY and Yu YC, “An integrated approach for improving occupational health and safety management: The voluntary protection program in Taiwan ,” Journal of occupational health, Vol. 47, pp. 270–276 (2005)
[2]Mizoue T, Higashi T, Muto T et al., “Activities of an occupational health organization in Japan, in special reference to services for small- and medium-scale enterprises ,” Occupational Medicine, Vol. 46, pp. 12-16 (1996)
[3]Yager JW, Hines CJ and Spear RC, “Exposure to ethylene oxide at work increases sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes ,” Science, Vol. 219, pp. 1221-1123 (1983)
[4]Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “The Comparison of Safety and Health Management Systems between R.O.C. and Developed Countries,” IOSH89-S362, IOSH, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese). (2000)
[5]Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, http://www.jisha.or.jp/consulting /cyuusyou_kochira/tanpopo/index.html, Accessed September 3, 2009
[6]Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “OSHA Directives, CSP 03-02-002- OSHA Strategic Partnership Program for Worker Safety and Health ,” Report, USA. (2004)
[7]Health and Safety Executive (HSE), http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/index.htm, Accessed September 27, 2009.
[8]American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, http://www.afscme.org/ , Accessed September 18, 2009.
[9]New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health, http://www.nycosh.org/, Accessed September 23, 2009.
[10]Japan Occupational Safety and Health Resource Center, http://www.jca.apc.org/joshrc /index_e.html, Accessed September 18, 2009.
[11]Rantanen, J. “Basic Occupational Health Services”, http://www.who.int /occupational_health /publications/bohsbooklet.pdf, Accessed September 23, 2009.
[12]Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, CCOHS, http://www.ccohs.ca/, September 30, 2009.
[13]Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, http://www.sh168.org.tw/, September 11, 2009.
[14]Japan Construction Safety And Health Association, JCSHA, http://www.kensaibou.or.jp/index.html, September 9, 2009.
[15]Lake PE and Stewart JM., “Preservation of fowl semen in liquid nitrogen - an improved method,” British Poultry Science, Vol. 19, pp.187-194 (1978)
[16]Lake PE, Buckland RB and Ravie O, “Effect of glycerol on the viability of fowl spermatozoa, implications for its use when freezing semen,” Cryoletters, Vol. 1, pp. 299-304 (1980)
[17]Lauwerys RR, Kivits A, Lhoir M et al., “Biological surveillance of workers exposed to dimethylformamide and the influence of skin protection on its percutaneous absorption,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 45, pp. 189-203 (1980)
[18]Yonemoto J and Suzuki S., “Relation of exposure to dimethylformamide vapour and the metabolite, methylformamide, in urine of workers,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 46, pp. 159-165 (1980)
[19]Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K et al., “Occupational dimethylformamide exposure. 2. Monomethylformamide excretion in urine after occupational dimethylformamide exposure,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 63, No. 7, pp. 455-460 (1992)
[20]Kafferlein HU, Göen T, Müller J et al., “Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N- dimethylformamide in the synthetic fibre industry,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 113-120 (2000)
[21]Yang JS, Kim EA, Lee MY et al., “Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N- dimethylformamide--the effects of co-exposure to toluene or dermal exposure,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 73, No. 7, pp. 463-70 (2000)
[22]Nomiyama T, Nakashima H, Chen LL et al., “N,N-dimethylformamide: significance of dermal absorption and adjustment method for urinary N-methylformamide concentration as a biological exposure item,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 224-228 (2001)
[23]Chang HY, Tsai CY, Lin YQ et al., “Urinary biomarkers of occupational N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure attributed to dermal exposure,” Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology, Vol. 14, pp. 214-221 (2004)
[24]Kimmerle G and Eben A. “Metabolism studies of N,N-dimethylformamide. I. Studies in rats and dogs,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 34, pp. 109-126 (1975)
[25]Huang Y-S, Kuo H-W and Lai J-S. “Assessment of solvent hazard in a polyurethane manufacturing plant,” [master’s thesis]. Taichung (Taiwan): China Medical University, Institute of Environmental Health. Chinese (1997)
[26]Lin KC and Kuo HW. “Association between Environmental Monitoring and Biological Monitoring for DMF in a Polyurethane Manufacturing Plant,” [master’s thesis]. Taichung (Taiwan): China Medical University, Institute of Environmental Health. Chinese (1999)
[27]Chang H., Shih T., Guo Y. et al., “Sperm function in workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide in synthetic leather industry,” Fertility and sterility, Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 1589-1594 (2004)
[28]Chien YC, Liu HH, Lin YC et al., “Ethylene Oxide Sterilization in the Medical-Supply Manufacturing Industry: Assessment and Control of Worker Exposure,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 83, pp. 527–537 (2007)
[29]Chien YC, Su PC, Lee LH et al,. “Emission Characteristics of Plastic Syringes Sterilized With Ethylene Oxide—A Controlled Study,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 91, pp. 579–586 (2009)
[30]Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). “Technical information report 19. Guidance for ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993–7: 1995. Biological evaluation of medical devices, Part 7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals,” AAMI TIR 19, Baltimore, MD, (1998)
[31]Their R and Bolt HM. “Carcinogenic and genotoxicity of ethylene oxide: New aspects and recent advances,” Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol. 30, pp. 595–608 (2000)
[32]Elliott L, Mortimer V, Ringenburg V et al., “Effect of engineering controls and work practices in reducing ethylene-oxide exposure during the sterilization of hospital supplies,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, Vol. 14, No. Suppl 1, pp. 40–42 (1998)
[33]Yoshida K, Bryant HE, Visser DN et al., “Determination of worker exposure to instantaneously emitted ethylene oxide in sterilization facilities,” Applied Industrial Hygiene, Vol. 4, pp. 166–170
[34]Handlos V. “Kinetics of the aeration of ethylene-oxide sterilized plastics,” Biomaterials, Vol. 1, pp. 149–157 (1989)
[35]Samuels TM. “Local exhaust and cycle purges reduce ETO release,” Hospitals, Vol. 55, pp. 67–69 (1981)
[36]Korpella DB, Mcjilton CE and Hawkinson TE. “Ethylene oxide dispersion from gas sterilizers,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 589–591.(1983)
[37]Ikeda C. “Effective method to minimize the residual EtO level after sterilization of plastic materials using ultrasonic vibration,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 13, pp. 509–511 (1979)
[38]Samuels TM. “Reduce operator exposure and environmental levels of ethylene oxide: Utilization of a unique local exhaust on a small EtO sterilizer,” Hospital topics, Vol. 57, pp. 48–54 (1979)
[39]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). “Current intelligence bulletin 52: Ethylene oxide sterilizers in health care facilities— engineering controls and work practices,” Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH), (1989)
[40]Lucas AD, Merritt K, Hitchins VM et al., “Residual ethylene oxide in medical devices and device material,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 66, pp. 548–552 (2003)
[41]MacNeil JR and Glaser ZR. “Comparison on health care-based sterilization technology: Safety, efficacy, and economics,” J Healthcare Safety, Compliance & Infection Control, 91–106 (1997)
[42]Lucas AD and Stratmeyer ME. “Extraction and stability of ethylene oxide residue in medical devices,” Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, Vol. 42, pp. 76–79 (2008)
[43]Centola DT, Ayoub KI, Lao NT et al., “Variables affecting simulated use determination of residual ethylene oxide in medical devices,” Journal of AOAC International , Vol. 84, pp. 512–518 (2001)
[44]Buben I, Melichercikova V, Novotna N et al., “Problems associated with sterilization using ethylene oxide—Residues in treated materials,” Cenralt European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 7, pp. 197–202 (1999)
[45]Shore, R.E.; Gardner, M.J. and Pannett, B., “Ethylene oxide: an assessmentof the epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity,” British Journal of Industrical Medicine, Vol. 50, pp. 971-997 (1993)
[46]Chiang TA, Wu PF and Ko YC, “Identification of carcinogens in cooking oil fumes,” Environmental research, Vol. 81(1), pp. 18-22 (1999)
[47]Ko YC, Cheng LSC, Lee CH et al., “Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers,” American journal of Epidemiol, Vol. 151(2), pp. 140-147 (2000)
[48]See SW and Balasubramanian R, “Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking,” Environmental research, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 197-204 (2006)
[49]Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W et al., “Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statementfor healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science ofthe American Heart Association,” Circulation, Vol. 109, No. 21, pp. 2655-2671 (2004)
[50]Wei See S, Karthikeyan S and Balasubramanian R., “Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with Chinese, Malay and Indian cooking,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 8, No.3 , pp. 369-376 (2006)
[51]Chiang TA, Wu PF and Ko YC, “Prevention of exposure to mutagenic fumes produced by hot cooking oil in Taiwanese kitchens,” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 92-96 (1998)
[52]Wang TJ, Zhou BS and Shi JP, “Lung cancer in nonsmoking Chinese women: a case-control study,” Lung Cancer, Vol. 14, N0. Suppl 1, pp. 93-98, (1996)
[53]Metayer C, Wang Z, Kleinerman RA et al., “Cooking oil fumes and risk of lung cancer in women in rural Gansu, China,” Lung Cancer, Vol. 35, No.2, pp. 111-117 (2002)
[54]Wu MT, Lee LH, Ho CK et al., “Environmental exposure to cooking oil fumes and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm,” Environmental research, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 25-32 (2004)
[55]Svendsen K, Sjaastad AK and Sivertsen L, “Respiratory symptoms in kitchen workers,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 43, No.4, pp. 436-9 (2003)
[56]Chen F, Zhang Z-h, Long L-l et al., “Experimental Study of Potential Carcinogenesis of Cooking Oil Fumes,” Journal of Environmental Occupational Medicine, Vol. 22, No.4, pp. 287-290 (2005)
[57]Josephson J., “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Environ Sci Technol, Vol. 18, No.3, pp. 93-95 (1984)
[58]Menzie CA, Potocki BB and Joseph Santodonato, “Exposure to Carcinogenic PAHs in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, No.7, pp. 1278-1284 (1992)
[59]Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, “Multi-compound in PU Artificial Leather Factory”. IOSH Recommended Sampling and Analytical Method No.1215. (2003)
[60]National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health, USA, “NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) ,” 4th ED., Method No. 2004, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ, (1994)
[61]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), “NIOSH Manual of Analytical method,” 4th ed., Method 1614: Ethylene oxide. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, (1994)
[62]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), “NIOSH Manual of Analytical method,” 4th ed., Method 5506: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, (1998)
[63]Chang MJ and Lin RS, “A non-invasive monitoring of exposure to an industrial organic solvent, dimethylformamide,” Drug and chemical toxicology, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 173-184 (1991)
[64]Kenndy GL, “Biological effects of acetamide, formamide, and their mono and dimethyl derivatives: an update,” Critical reviews in toxicology, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 139-222 (2001)
[65]Lareo AC and Perbellini L. “Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N-N-dimethylformamide. II. Dimethylformamide and its metabolites in urine of exposed workers,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 67, pp. 47-52 (1995)
[66]Mraz J and Nohova H. “Percutaneous absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 64, pp. 79-83 (1992)
[67]Brugnone F, Perbellini L and Gaffuri E, “N,N-dimethylformamide concentration in environment and alveolar air in an artificial leather factory,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 185-188 (1980)
[68]Kafferlein HU, Goen T, Muller J et al., “Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide in the synthetic fibre industry,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 113-120 (2000)
[69]Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K et al., “Occupational dimethylformamide exposure. 2. Monomethylformamide excretion in urine after occupational dimethylformamide exposure,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 63, No. 7, pp. 455-460 (1992)
[70]Yang JS, Kim EA, Lee MY et al., “Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide--the effects of co-exposure to toluene or dermal exposure,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 73, No. 7, pp. 463-470 (2000)
[71]Koh SB, Cha BS, Park JK et al., “The metabolism and liver toxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide in the isolated perfused rat liver,” Yonsei Medical Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 491-499 (2002)
[72]Twiner MJ, Hirst M, Valenciano A et al., “N,N-dimethylformamide modulates acid extrusion from murine hepatoma cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 153, No. 2, pp. 143-151 (1998)
[73]Cox NH and Mustchin CP. “Prolonged spontaneous and alcohol-induced flushing due to the solvent dimethylformamide,” Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 69-70 (1991)
[74]Tomasini M, Todaro A, Piazzoni M et al., “Pathology caused by dimethylformamide: study of 14 cases,” La Medicina del lavoro, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 217-220 (1983)
[75]Wrbitzky R. “Liver function in workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide during the production of synthetic textiles,” International archives of occupational and environmental health, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 19-25 (1999)
[76]Walter D, Jochim C, Knecht U. “Toxicolokinetic study on N,N-dimethylformamide for the re-evaluation of the Biological Tolerance value (BAT) in Germany In: Hallier E,” Documentation from the 38th annual conference of the German Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Wiesbaden (2000)
[77]Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs ,Executive Yuan. “The technical data about survey of the exposure of hazardous materials and the countermeasure- the synthetic leather makers,” (serial No IOSH90-T-039), (2001)
[78]National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health, USA: “NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) ,” 4th ED., Method No. 2004, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ. 1994
[79]Sheikh K, “Adverse health effects of ethylene oxide and occupational exposure limits,” American journal of industrial medicine, Vol. 6, pp. 117-127 (1984)
[80]Yager JW, Hines CJ and Spear RC, “Exposure to ethylene oxide at work increases sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes,” Science, Vol. 219, pp. 1221-1223 (1983)
[81]Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Survey on workers exposure of ethylene oxide (III) ,” IOSH89-A308, IOSH, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese), (2002)
[82]Korpela DB, Mcjilton CE and Hawkinson TE, “Ethylene oxide dispersion from gas sterilizers,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 589–591 (1983)
[83]Samuels TM and Corn R, “Reduce operator exposure and environmental levels of ethylene oxide: Utilization of a unique local exhaust on a small EtO sterilizer,” Hospital topics, Vol. 57, No 5, pp. 48–54 (1979)
[84]Samuels TM and Corn R, “Modification of large, built-in, ethylene oxide sterilizers to reduce operator exposure to EtO,” Hospital topics, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 50–55 (1979)
[85]Ikeda C, “Effective method to minimize the residual EtO level after sterilization of plastic materials using ultrasonic vibration,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 13, pp. 509–511 (1979)
[86]Elliott L, Mortimer V, Ringenburg V et al., “Effect of engineering controls and work practices in reducing ethylene-oxide exposure during the sterilization of hospital supplies,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, Vol. 14, No. Suppl 1, pp. 40–42 (1998)
[87]Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Technical information report 19. Guidance for ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993–10097: 1995. Biological evaluation of medical devices, Part 7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals AAMI TIR 19, Arlington, VA, (1998)
[88]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Control technology for ethylene oxide sterilization in hospitals,” DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 89–120, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, (1989)
[89]National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Current intelligence bulletin 52: Ethylene oxide sterilizers in health care facilities—engineering controls and work practices,” NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, (1989)
[90]Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Substance safety data sheet for ethylene oxide (non-mandatory), 29CFR 1910.1047 App A,” OSHA, Washington, DC, (1985)
[91]Australian Dept. Employment and Workplace Relations, Guidance note for the safe use of ethylene oxide in sterilisation/fumigation processes [NOHSC: 3016(1992)] ,” Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, (1992)
[92]Tung Y-H, Ko J-L, Liang Y-F et al., “Cooking oil fume-induced cytokine expression and oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells,” Environmental research, Vol. 87, pp. 47 – 54 (2001)
[93]Kiel P. and Kraft og Stegeos, “Arbeidsmiljøfondets forskningsrapporter no. 781426. København: Arbeidsmiljøfondet,” (1986)
[94]Kiel P, Andersen M. and Mutagener i Stegeos, “Arbeidsmiljøfondets forskningsrapporter no. 782730. København: Arbeidsmiljøfondet,” (1988)
[95]Vainiotalo S and Matveinen K., “Cooking fumes as a hygienic problem in the food and catering industries,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 54, pp. 376-382 (1993)
[96]Svendsen K, Jensen HN, Sivertsen I et al., “Exposure to cooking fumes in restaurant kitchens in Norway,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 46, pp. 359-400 (2002)
[97]Svendsen K, Sjaastad AK and Siverstsen I., “Respiratory symptoms in kitchen workers,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 43, pp. 436-439 (2003)
[98]Wu-Williams AH, Dai XD, Blot W et al., “Lung cancer among women in north-east China,” British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 62, pp. 982-987 (1990)
[99]Ko Y-C, Cheng L-S, Lee C-H et al., “Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers,” American journal of Epidemiol , Vol. 151, pp. 140-147 (2000)
[100]Lee C-H, Ko Y-C, Cheng L-S et al., “The heterogeneity in risk factors of lung cancer and the difference of histologic distribution between genders in Taiwan,” Cancer Causes and Control, Vol. 12, pp. 289-300, (2001)
[101]Behera D and Balamugesh T., “Dose-response relationship between cooking fumes exposures and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women,” Cancer research, Vol. 66, pp. 4961-4967, (2006)
[102]Chiang T-A, Wu P-F, Ying L-S et al. “Mutagenicity and aromatic amine content of fumes from heated cooking oils produced in Taiwan,” Food and chemical Toxicol, Vol. 37, pp. 125-134 (1999)
[103]Borgan J and Kristoffersen L., “Norsk Statistikk. Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyra,” (1986)
[104]Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “The study of pulmonary-related diseases in restaurant workers, Final report (in Chinese) ,” IOSH 90- M103, IOSH, Taipei, Taiwan (2001)
[105]Flynn MR and Ellenbecker MJ., “Capture efficiency of flanged circular local exhaust hoods,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 30, pp. 497- 513 (1986)