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題名:以能力方法架構分析人類與社會發展–以越南為例
作者:阮克義
作者(外文):Nguyen KhacNghia
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:政治經濟學研究所
指導教授:宋鎮照
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:經濟發展社會政治發展生活運作能力人類實現自由越南Economic DevelopmentSocio-Political DevelopmentLiving FunctioningCapabilityHuman FulfillmentFreedomVietnam
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本篇論文試圖證明人類世界並非如我們常說的如此發展。雖然人類在發展歷史上已經取得了一些重要進展,但是這樣的成就似乎主要仍以非常有限的經濟成長指標來衡量。因著「發展」超越了經濟的概念,故經濟的成果還不能達到人類和社會的發展。為了回答發展的真正意義這個問題,本文第一個目的在於找到人性問題的答案,從本體論的角度分析各種不同學科的理論,確定人建立自身需求的基本人性,包括發展的需求。發現到人類應該是自由的、理性的、自主的、道德的、平等的、群居的、有尊嚴的。如果不能滿足人性的這些最終需求,社會安排以及社會和人類的發展對於人們是沒有任何意義的,這些人性的需求不僅僅決定了發展成果的合法性,也決定了發展的過程。這個標準是用來評估所有的主流方法,並發現功利主義強調人的需求所帶來的幸福和快樂,沒有顧及過程中如何達到這樣的成果。功利主義誘導的經濟無法探討人類原有的本性,其假設人的本性是自私的,與社會隔絕,快樂和自我利益為中心的,已經扭曲人的本性、人與社會的發展。自由主義和個人主義的重點主要是,在追求個人利益上,要求人的消極自由從別人的干擾中被釋放。主流經濟學利用上述理論先解釋發展的意涵,以收入、財富和消費的增長來完成自由市場制度。羅爾斯主義進一步要求人的平等,以更全面之資源和機會的觀點,不僅包括經濟資源,還包含人類的政治和公民權利。然而,羅爾斯的平等正義理論完全背離了個人使用現有資源以實現他們慾望的觀點,忽略人類在身體、心理、智力能力、自然情境因素、社會和文化元素等之多樣性,這樣因素對於人們有很大的影響,它是如何改變他們即將到來的生活成為實際的生活(這是唯一的終極意義。從邏輯上來說, 能力方法論被提出並證明了其優於主流經濟學,同時可以填補還被遺留在其他理論的不利差距。它可以更人性化、更原汁原味地探討人類、及其需求與發展,並可以幫助保證他們以個人和社會發展的觀點進而實際發展。基於從能力方法來分析這些理論的優勢劣勢,為這篇論文作出了重要貢獻。這是整合框架的建構,考慮到所有社會、經濟的、政治的因素, 這些因素可以對人類和社會發展產生重要影響。該框架有助於回答這個問題:「人類的發展是什麼,應該做些什麼來實現它呢?」它提出,發展要求各種必要的資源類別,從經濟方面的收入和消費到 社會和政治方面的人權。它聲稱,所有經濟、社會、政治政策方面的社會安排,必須採取這樣的工具資源,來實現人類真實生活中的最終目標,此由實際的生活活動所構成,如長期生活和健康、有足夠的教育、自尊感、能夠參與社區生活等。這樣的安排也有採取適當的個人和環境因素(社會、文化、階級、性別)的觀察,使資源轉化過程中,其各自的成果有別於從人到人、地方到地方、群體到群體、文化到文化等。此框架使人們更可能看到,多數窮人所受到的痛苦,不僅從經濟(收入)不平等和貧困,而是社會和政治權利被剝奪了。這將導致嚴重剝奪重要的生活權利,如:無法長壽和健康、有沒有足夠的教育、無法參與政治生活、在公共生活中沒有發言權,因此,無力保護他們和他們的家人免於污染、失業、犯罪,無法保存自己想要的文化和傳統價值觀,受到性別和階級偏見對待等。當人們無法從所有被剝奪中獲得釋放,發展就會失去意義。該框架應用於分析和解釋越南的發展情況。這個實際的應用提供兩個目的:實際測試理論和實踐框架的合法性,並證明越南在以真實的生活功能和能力或自由擴展到了越南人民的觀點來看,在帶來真正和高品質的發展之前,越南的發展還有很長的路要走。
This thesis proves that human world is not that much developed as we often say about it. Although human beings have made some important progresses in their history of development, such achievements seem to be measured in the very limited term of economic growth mainly. As DEVELOPMENT transcends the economic notions, economic efforts only fail to achieve human and social developments. In order to answer the question of the real meaning of development, the thesis aims first at finding the answer to the question of human nature by analyzing various theories of different disciplines from an ontological perspective to identify the basic human nature on which human build their needs including the development ones. The finding is that human is and should be free, rational, autonomous, moral, equal, social, dignified. Social arrangements and development of society and humans would be of no meaning to people if they cannot meet this ultimate requirement of human nature, which determines not only the legitimacy of the development outcomes but also the development process. This criterion is used to assess all mainstream approaches to find that, Utilitarianism emphasizes the need to bring pleasure and happiness to people without taking care of the procedural perspective of how to achieve such outcomes. Utilitarian inspired economics fails to treat humans as they should be, and its assumptions of human nature to be selfish, socially isolated, pleasure and self-interest centered have distorted human nature, human and social development. Libertarianism and individualism focus on mainly on asking for people’s negative freedom to be freed from others’ interference in his pursuit of personal interests. Mainstream economics takes advantages of the above theories to be preoccupied with development in term of increase of income, wealth, and consumption through free market system. Rawlsianism goes further to ask for people’s equality in more comprehensive terms of resources and opportunities which include not only economic resources but also human’s political and civil rights. However, Rawlsian theory of justice leaves it totally for individuals to use available resources to achieve what they desire without taking note of human’s diversity in physical, mental, intellectual ability, and the contextual factors of natural, social and cultural elements which altogether have great influence on how people change what they have at hand into their actual life (which is the only thing of ultimate significance). Logically forwarding, the Capability Approach is presented and proved to be of advantage over the mainstream economics and at the same time can fill in the disadvantage gaps still left by other theories. It can treat humans, their needs, their development in a much more humanistic and authentic manner, which can help to guarantee their real development in term of both individual and social development. Basing on advantage-disadvantage analyses of these theories with main inspiration from the Capability Approach, comes the important contribution of this thesis. That is its construction of an integrated frame-work which allows to take account of all social, economic, political factors that can have crucial impacts on both human and social development. The framework help to answer the question: “what is human development and what should be done to achieve it?” It puts that development ask for all kinds of necessary resources ranging from economic ones of income and consumptions to social and political ones of human rights. It claims that all social arrangements in terms of economic, social, political policies must take such resources as instruments to achieve the ultimate end of people’s authentic living life which is constituted by actual living activities like living long and healthily, having sufficient education, feeling of self esteem, being able to participate in communal life, etc. Such arrangements also have to take adequate scrutiny of personal and contextual factors (social, cultural, class, gender) which make the resources transforming process and its respective outcomes different from man to man, place to place, group to group, culture to culture, etc. This framework makes it possible to see that the majority poor people are suffering not only from economic (income) inequality and deprivation but social and political rights to be deprived too. This leads to the serious deprivations of important living activities like: unable to live long and healthily, having no adequate education; unable to participate in political life, no voice in communal life, thus, unable to protect them and their family from pollutions, unemployment, crimes; unable to preserve their desired cultural and traditional values; suffering from gender and class biased treatments, etc. Development would lose its meaning when people cannot get themselves freed from all of such deprivations. The framework in its turn is applied in analyzing and explaining the Vietnam development case. This practical application serves two purposes: to actually test the theoretical and practical legitimacy of the framework and to prove that Vietnam development has a long way to go before it can bring real and high quality development in term of authentic living functioning and capability or freedom expansion to the Vietnamese people.
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