旅遊風險容忍度與旅遊階段關係之研究__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

:::

詳目顯示

第 1 筆 / 總合 1 筆

/1頁

論文基本資料
摘要
外文摘要
參考文獻

題名：	旅遊風險容忍度與旅遊階段關係之研究
作者：	陳瑞倫
作者(外文)：	CHEN, RUEY LUEN
校院名稱：	國立嘉義大學
系所名稱：	企業管理學系
指導教授：	王國欽蕭至惠
學位類別：	博士
出版日期：	2013
主題關鍵詞：	旅遊風險；容忍度；旅遊階段；自由列舉；重複量數分析；tourist risk；tolerance；travel phase；free-listing；repeated measures
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:0

過往旅遊風險的相關研究大多數是將旅遊風險的分類歸類，或從旅客或從領隊等單一角度去探討旅遊風險。本研究是第一個同時從旅客、領隊與旅行業者三個角度去探討旅遊風險的研究，也是第一個結合旅遊體驗階段探討旅遊風險容忍度的研究。本研究目的主要是探討旅客、領隊及旅行業者在七個不同的旅遊體驗階段中，各自最重視的旅遊風險事件認知，並比較其異同；並更進一步分析各旅遊階段的旅遊風險容忍度差異變化。經分層配額抽樣，採用自由列舉法，共訪談61位旅客、62位領隊及60位旅行業者，回收183份有效問卷。再透過ANTHROPAC軟體來判斷各旅遊階段之旅遊風險事件的排序。並採用SPSS重複量數分析，檢定單一各旅遊風險之容忍度在不同旅遊階段之差異。本研究結果分別得到旅客2,085筆、領隊1,861筆及旅行業者1,802筆資料，經專家整合成為旅客284項、領隊250項與旅行業者268項旅遊風險事件，並歸納為7大屬性共計28類旅遊風險。研究結果顯示個人因素被旅客認知為每個旅遊體驗階段都會出現的旅遊風險，雖然容忍度相對較高，但卻是行前解約的重要因素。在多階段出現的天然災害與人為禍害的容忍度會隨著旅遊階段不同而有顯著差異，而且越後面的旅遊階段容忍度越大。旅遊的實際旅程，以目的地體驗階段的各種風險容忍度較高，但購物例外。本研究根據結果獲得四項發現：一、在不同的旅遊階段，皆有不同的重要旅遊風險事件認知；二、旅客與領隊或旅行業者之重要旅遊風險事件認知差異僅存在於計畫旅遊階段與目的地體驗階段。三、在同一旅遊階段中，各種旅遊風險的容忍度不同。四、每單一類旅遊風險的容忍度會隨著旅遊階段不同而有差異。本研究在理論上補足了完整旅遊體驗階段的主要認知旅遊風險與重要利害關係人：旅客、領隊與旅行業者三者全角度的認知旅遊風險及各風險的容忍度，使得旅遊風險理論的知識從原本的分類深入到各旅遊階段不同認知風險的發現。在實務上，解讀了行前解約的主要衝突在於旅客與業者認知上的差距，並進而提出三項具體建議：一、建立風險基金概念，使得旅行業者能在風險發生的第一時間就能妥善處理；二、正視各個不同旅遊階段的主要風險與其容忍度，並運用在行程的安排與設計上及在不同階段關注不同的主要風險，因而可以降低各旅遊階段的主要旅遊風險發生率；三、同時也強化旅行業者對契約的重視與落實，以減少損失。最後針對各旅遊階段之重要旅遊風險及旅遊風險容忍度等交叉分析，提出後續研究之相關建議。

以文找文

The previous studies focused on categories of tourist risks from the point of view of tourists or from tour leaders. This study started to explore the full point of view among tourists, tour leaders, and travel agents regarding tourist risks. Furthermore, this study investigated tourist risks based on travel phases. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived tourist risks that tourists, tour leaders, and travel agents worry about most in seven travel experience phases and to recognize the differences among tourists’, tour leaders’, and travel agents’ perceived risks, as well as, to analyze the differences of tolerance in every travel phase. A stratified quota sample of tourists, tour leaders and travel agents was surveyed. Free-listing method was used and ANTHROPAC software was applied for calculating the salience index judging the ranking of tourist risks in different phases of travel experience. SPSS repeated measures analysis was applied for calculating the difference of tolerance in all travel phases. In total, one hundred and eighty-three questionnaires were collected, 61 tourists, 62 tour leaders and 60 travel agents respectively. The results have been categorized from 2,085 into 284 tourist risk events of tourists, from 1,861 into 250 events of tour leaders and from 1,802 into 268 events of travel agents. All tourist risk events were categorized into 28 tourist risks in seven types of risk perception. The study results indicate that the personal reason was recognized as a tourist risk in every travel phase. Although the tolerance of personal reason was higher than other major tourist risks, it was the key element of tourists’ cancellation before departure. The tolerances of natural disasters and human forces were significant different in different travel phases, and the zone of width of tolerances were in a increasing curve from phase one to phase seven. The highest tolerance of tourist risks were in the fifth phase but shopping was excluded. According to the results of this study we found four facts: 1. There were different perceived tourist risk events in every travel phase. 2. The difference of perceived tourist risk events among tourists, tour leaders, and travel agents were only in the first phase and the fifth phase. 3. Difference of tolerance of tourist risks existed in every travel phase. 4. Travel phase impacted the tolerance of tourist risk. This study contributed the theory of tourist risks among the perception of tourist, tour leader, and travel agent. In practice, we have learned that the conflict of perception between the tourist and the travel agent was the reason of cancellation before departure. Three suggestions were made to travel service companies: 1. Raised the fund of tourist risk and using the money to solve the problem when risk happened. 2. Facing the tourist risks in every travel phase to avoid or to reduce the cause of tourist risks. 3. Educated the staffs of travel service companies to sign contracts following the rules of government with consumers to reduce the lost. In the discussion section, practical improvement suggestions were made for better tourist risk managements in specific travel experience phases and recommendations for further research were also proposed.

以文找文

一、中文部分
旅行業品質保障協會(2010)。中華民國旅行業品質保障協會調處旅遊糾紛案由分類統計表一(79．03～99．09)。取自：http://www.travel.org.tw/casestudy/list.htm#6
旅行業品質保障協會(2012)。中華民國旅行業品質保障協會調處旅遊糾紛案由分類統計表。取自：http://ebc.travel.org.tw/TQAA/TQAA_img/file_data/90.doc
陳怡全，吳美惠，羅俊誠，陳姮娟，王慧琴(2010)，旅遊糾紛案例Q&;A彙編6。台北：中華民國旅行業品質保障協會（頁1-2）。
陳怡全，劉惠珍(2010)，旅遊糾紛處理實務。台北：華立圖書股份有限公司（頁34-35）。
葉智魁，許義忠，Chick, G.。（2011）。運用自由列舉法發展台灣本土休閒活動量表。觀光休閒學報，17(1)，1-23。 new window

鄭紹成。(2007)。團體套裝旅遊服務失誤和服務補救期望之探索研究-兼以航空業和餐飲業驗證之，戶外遊憩研究，19(2)，33-61。 new window

觀光局(2010)。93年至98年中華民國國民出國目的地人數統計。取自：http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/File/200912/table25_2009.pdf
二、英文部分
Awaritefe, O. D. (2004). Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3), 264-281.
Barker, M., Page, S., &; Meyer, D. (2003). Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 355-361.
Ballantyne, T. (2010). Clouded in confusion. Orient Aviation, 17(4), 14-16.
Baral A., Baral S., &; Nigel, M. (2004). Marketing Nepal in an uncertain climate: Confronting perceptions of risk and insecurity. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 186-192.
Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In R. S. Hancock (Ed.), Dynamic marketing for a changing world (pp. 389-398). Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.
Beirman, D. (2006). A comparative assessment of three Southeast Asian tourism recovery campaigns: Singapore roars: Post SARS 2003, Bali post the October 12, 2002 bombing, and WOW Philippines, 2003. In Y. Mansfeld, &; A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security, &; safety from theory to practice (pp. 251-270). Burlington, MA: Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann.
Berry, L. L., &; Parasuraman, A. (1991). Marketing service: Competing through quality. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Bettman, J. R. (1973). Perceived risk and its components: A model and empirical test. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(2), 184-190.
Brooker, G. (1984). An assessment of an expanded measure of perceived risk. Advances in Consumer Research, 11(1), 439-441. new window

Chan, Y., Hui, T., &; Yuen, E. (1999). Modeling the impact of sudden environmental changes on visitor arrival forecasts: The case of the Gulf War. Journal of Travel Research, 37(4), 391-394.
Chen, R., &; Noriega, P. (2003). The impacts of terrorism: perceptions of faculty and students on safety and security in tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 81-98.
Cheron, E. J., &; Ritchie, J. R. B. (1982). Leisure activities and perceived risk. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 139-154.
Chien, G. C. L., &; Law, R. (2003). The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on hotels: A case study of Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(3), 327-332.
Chowdhary, N., &; Prakash, M. (2007). Prioritizing service quality dimensions. Managing Service Quality, 17(5), 493-509.
Clawson, M., &; Knetsch, S. (1966). Eonomics of outdoor recreation. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University press.
Comrey, A. L. (1973). A first course in factor analysis. New York: Academic Press.
Conant, J., Clark, T., Burnett, J., &; Zank, G. (1988). Terrorism and travel: Managing the unmanageable. Journal of Travel Research, 26(4), 16-20.
Cook, C., Heath, F., &; Thompson, B. (2003). “Zones of tolerance” in perceptions of library service quality: A LibQUAL+TM study. Libraries and the Academy, 3(1), 113-123. new window

Cooper, M. (2005). Japanese tourism and the SARS epidemic off 2003. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2), 117-131.
Cox, D. F., &; Rich, S. J. (1964). Perceived risk and consumer decisions making: The case of telephone shopping. Journal of Marketing Research, 4(1), 32-39. new window

Cunningham, S. M. (1967). The major dimensions of perceived risk. In D. F. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior (pp. 82-108). Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Devi, P. M., &; Raja, S. B. (2011). Importance and the zone of tolerance of passengers’ expectations of Indian railway passengers services by applying RAILQUAL, Asian Journal of Management Research, 1(2), 387-401. new window

Dolnicar, S. (2005). Understanding barriers to leisure travel: Tourist fears as a marketing basis. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 197-208.
Dowling, G. R., &; Staelin, R. (1994). A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 119-134. new window

Fleischer, A., &; Buccola, S. (2002). War, terror, and the tourism market in Israel. Applied Economics, 34(11), 1335-1343.
Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., &; Thapa, B. (2003). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, 15(2), 19-38.
Fridgen, J. D. (1984). Environmental psychology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(1), 19-39. new window

Fuchs, G., &; Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108.
Fuchs, G., &; Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of the first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266-276.
Gatewood, J. B. (1983). Loose talk: Linguistic competence and recognition ability. American anthropologist, 85(2), 378-387.
Ghiselli, E. E., Campbell, J. P., &; Zedeck, S. (1981). Measurement theory for the behavioral sciences. San Francisco: Freeman.
Gilbert, D., &; Gao, Y. (2005). A failure of UK travel agencies to strengthen zones of tolerance. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(4), 306-321.
Girden, E. R. (1992). ANOVA: Repeated measures (Sage university paper series on qualitative applications in the social sciences, 84), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. R. B., and McIntosh, R.W. (2009). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies (11th ed.). New York: John Wiley &; Sons.
Greatorex, M., &; Mitchell, V. W. (1992). Exploring the specification of perceived risk. Manchester School of Management working paper No. 9216, December.
Grönroos, C. (2001). Service management and marketing, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley &; Sons.
Hall, C., Timothy, D., &; Duval, D. (2003). Towards a new understanding: Security and tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 1-18.
Han, J. Y. (2005). The relationships of perceived risk to personal factors, knowledge of destination, and travel purchase decision in international leisure travel, unpublished dissertation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Irvine, W., &; Anderson, A. R. (2006). The effect of disaster on peripheral tourism places and the disaffection of prospective visitors. In Y. Mansfeld, &; A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security &; safety: From theory to practice (pp. 169-186). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
I.U.O.T.O. (1963). 1963 The United Nations' Conference on International Travel and Tourism. (p14). Geneva, Switzerland: International Union of official Travel Organizations.
Jacoby, J., Kaplan, L. B. (1972). The components of perceived risk. In M. Venkatesan (Ed.), Proceeding of 3rd Annual Conference (pp. 382-393). Chicago, IL: Association for Consumer Research.
Kaplan, L. B., Szybillo, G. J., &; Jacoby, J. (1974). Components of perceived risk in product purchase: A cross-validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(3), 287-291.
Kettinger, W. J., &; Lee, C. C. (2005). Zones of tolerance: Alternative scales for measuring information systems service quality. MIS Quarterly, 29(4), 607-623.
Laws, E., &; Prideaux, B. (2005). Crisis management: A suggested typology. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2/3), 1-8.
Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 390-407.
Lepp, A., &; Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606-624.
Lepp, A., Gibson, H. &; Lane, C. (2011). Image and perceived risk: A study of Uganda and its official tourism website. Tourism Management, 32(3), 675-684.
Leslie, D. (1999). Terrorism and tourism: The Northern Ireland situation - A look behind the veil of certainty. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 37-40. new window

Levantis, T., &; Gani, A. (2000). Tourism demand and the nuisance of crime. International Journal of Social Economics, 27(7-10), 959-967.
Li, X., Lai, C., Harrill, R., Kline, S., &; Wang, L. (2011). When east meets west: An exploratory study on Chinese outbound tourists travel expectations. Tourism Management, 32(4), 741-749.
Liljander, V., &; Strandvik, T. (1993). Estimating zones of tolerance in perceived service quality and perceived service value. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 4(2), 6-28.
Littile, S. L. (1993). Leisure program design and evaluation. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation &; Dance, 64(8), 26-33.
Malhotra, N. K. (2000). Marketing research (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Mansfeld, Y. (2006). The role of security information in tourism crisis management: The missing link. In Y. Mansfeld, &; A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security &; safety from theory to practice. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann.
McKercher, B., &; Chon, K. (2004). The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asian tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 716-719.
Mitchell, V. W., &; Vasso, V. (1997). Perceived risk and risk reductions in holiday purchase: A cross-cultural and gender analysis. Journal of Euromarketing, 6(3), 47-97.
Mohr, L. A., &; Bitner, M. J. (1995). Process factors in service delivery: What employee effort means to customers. In T. A. Swartz, D. E. Bowen, &; S. W. Brown, Greenwich (Eds.), Service Marketing and Management (pp. 91-117). CT: JAI Press.
Mosley, B. (2013, February 12). Re: Airlines Report Lowest Mishandled Baggage Rate in 18 Years in 2012 [Online press release]. Retrieved from http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/dot015_13
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behaviour in tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21(10), 5-25.
Moutinho, L. (2000). Strategic management in tourism. New York: CABI Publishing.
Neal, J. D., Sirgy, M. J., &; Uysal, M. (1999). The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/ tourism services and experience in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 153-163.
O.E.C.D. (1974). 1974 Tourism policy and international tourism in O.E.C.D. member countries (p7). Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Page, S. J., Bentley, T., &; Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in New Zealand and Scotland. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 150-166. new window

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., &; Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL, A multi-item scale measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40. new window

Pinhey, T. K., &; Iverson, T. J. (1994). Safety concerns of Japanese visitors to Guam. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, 3(2), 87-94.
Pizam, A., &; Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand? Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339.
Plog, S. C. (1991). Leisure travel: Making it a growth market ... again! New York: John Wiley.
Poiesz, T. B. C., &; Bloemer, J. M. M. (1991). Customer (dis)satisfaction with the performance of complex products and services: The applicability of the (dis)confirmation paradigm. Marketing Thought around the World, 2, Proceedings from European Marketing Academy Conference, Dublin, pp. 446-462.
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., &; Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797-805.
Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., &; Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(3), 217-226.
Reisinger, Y., &; Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
Richter, L., &; Richter, W. (1999). Ethics challenges: Health, safety and accessibility in international travel and tourism. Public Personnel Management, 28(4), 595-615.
Rittichainuwat, B. N., &; Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410-418.
Roehl, W. S., &; Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17-26.
Roseilius, T. (1971). Consumer rankings of risk reduction methods. Journal of Marketing, 35(1), 55-61. new window

Sackett, H., &; Botterill, D. (2006). Perceptions of international travel risk: An exploratory study of the influence of proximity to terrorist attack. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 4(2), 44-49.
Schiffman, L. G., &; Kanuk, L. L. (1991). Consumer behavior (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Shim, J-. M. (2004). The evolution of leisure studies in North America and South Korea: A study of cultural consensus (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Pennsylvania State University, PA.
Shrauf, R. W., &; Sanchez, J. (2008). Using freelisting to identify, assess, and characterize age differences in shared cultural domains. Journal of Gerontology, 63B(6), 385-393.
Shan, S., &; Chuang, J. (2008, May 18). Page1, Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 February, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/05/18/20034/2285/print
Sheth, J. N., &; Venkatesan, M. (1968). Risk reduction processed in repetitive consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 5(8) , 307-310.
Simpson, P. M., &; Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveler perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315-327.
Smith, A. K., Bolton, R. N., &; Wagner, J. (1999). A model of customer satisfaction with service encounters involving failure and recovery. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(3), 356-372.
Sönmez, S. F., &; Graefe, A. R. (1998a). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 122-144. new window

Sönmez, S. F., &; Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177.
Swartz, B. C. (2006). Strategies in international broadcasting: a grounded analysis of communication values across cultures, unpublished dissertation of Department of Communication University of Maryland.
Tarlow, P., &; Santana, G. (2002). Providing safety for tourists: A study of a selected sample of tourist destinations in the United States and Brazil. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 424-431.
Teas, K. R., &; DeCarlo, T. E. (2004). An examination and extension of the zone of tolerance model: A comparison to performance-based models of perceived quality. Journal of Service Research, 6(3), 272-86.
Teng, W. (2005). Risks perceived by Mainland Chinese tourists towards Southeast Asia destinations: A fuzzy logic model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 97-115. new window

Tinsley, H. E. A., &; Tinsley, D. J. (1987). Use of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 414-424.
Tsaur, S. H., Tzeng, G. H., &; Wang, K. C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812.
Tse, A. C. B., So, S., &; Sin, L. (2006). Crisis management and recovery: How restaurants in Hong Kong responded to SARS. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(1), 3-11. new window

UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2010 Edition http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/UNWTO_Highlights10_en_HR.pdf
UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2012 Edition http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights12enhr_1.pdf
Walker, J., &; Baker, J. (2000). An exploratory study of a multi-expectation framework for services. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(5), 411-31.
Wang, K.-C., Hsieh, A.-T., Chou, S.-H., &; Lin, Y.-S. (2007). GPTCCC: An instrument for measuring group package tour service. Tourism Management, 28(2), 361-376.
Wang, K. C., Hsieh, A. T., &; Huan, T. C. (2000). Critical service feature in group package tour: An exploratory research. Tourism Management, 21(2), 177-189.
Wang, K. C., Jao, P. C., Chan, H. C., &; Chung, C. H. (2010). Group package tour leader’s intrinsic risks. Annals of Travel Research, 37(1), 154-179. new window

Yap, K. B., &; Sweeney, F. C. (2007). Zone of tolerance moderates the service quality-outcome relationship. Journal of Services Marketing, 21(2), 137-148.
Zeithaml, V. A., &; Bitner, M. J. (2003). Service marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Zeithami, V., Berry, L. L., &; Parasuraman, A. (1993). The nature of determinants of customer expectations of service quality. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(1), 1-12. new window

推文
推薦
引用網址
引用嵌入語法
轉寄

top

:::

相關期刊
相關論文
相關專書
相關著作
熱門點閱

1.	運用自由列舉法發展臺灣本土休閒活動量表
2.	團體套裝旅遊服務失誤和服務補救期望之探索研究--兼以航空業和餐飲業驗證之

無相關博士論文

無相關書籍

無相關著作

無相關點閱

QR Code

臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫系統

詳目顯示

臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫