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題名：我國全民健康保險制度下醫療資源分配的公平性與效率
作者：楊劭為
作者(外文)：Shao-WeiYang
校院名稱：國立成功大學
系所名稱：工業與資訊管理學系
指導教授：耿伯文
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2014
主題關鍵詞：公平性；效率；多準則決策；灰關聯分析；資料包絡分析法；equity；efficiency；multi-criteria decision making；grey incidence analysis；data envelopment analysis
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由衛生政策的觀點而言，理想的醫療資源配置是在有限的醫療資源之下，醫療投入組合可以用最低的成本提供醫療服務，並且可以透過程序正義評估投入組合所提供的醫療照護之公平性。
我國在1995年實施全民健康保險(NHI)，此一全面性健康保險的目的在於免除民眾就醫的財務障礙。就水平性公平觀點，全民健康保險的目的在於保障民眾若有醫療需求時，均享有相等的就醫機會。然而，迫於財務赤字的壓力，全民健康保險在2002年起支付制度改為總額預算支付制度。
總體層級而言，由於評估醫院的醫療照護資源配置之公平性與效率性是相當複雜的，需要借助多準則決策方法加以評估。本研究應用兩種多準則決策方法分別評估資源配置之公平性與效率性。在靜態分析中，以灰關聯分析(GIA)評估全民健康保險下醫療照護資源之配置，藉以探討城鄉之間醫療照護的公平性。動態分析中，以資料包絡分析法(DEA)評估醫療照護資源的動態效率，並藉以探討在全民健康保險實施總額預算支付制度後對醫療照護資源的影響。
本研究的實證結果中，發現我國的醫療資源是朝向新北市、台北市、台中市、台南市與高雄市等五個大型都會區集中。台北市的醫療照護資源在公平性與效率排名皆是最高，顯示醫療照護資源在台北市的使用沒有資源浪費的現象。至於澎湖縣在醫療資源公平性的排名較差，但它在總效率與配置效率方面則有較好的資源配置。
由於醫療資源供過於求，新竹縣與新竹市在醫療資源是呈現超額供給的現象。而醫療資源超額需求的地區，例如宜蘭縣、彰化縣、南投縣與嘉義市等四個縣市，則是未來新醫院選擇院址的優先考慮地區。因此，政策制訂者應致力改善上述六個縣市的醫療資源配置，並追求資源配置的公平性。
From a health policy perspective, ideal resource allocation in health care should be concerned with the combination of inputs required to produce these services at the lowest costs, given that resources are limited. To accomplish this goal, procedural equity must accurately assess the fairness of health care services delivery.
Taiwan implemented a National Health Insurance (NHI) program in 1995 so as to reduce financial barriers for all citizens using a universal health care system. Horizontal equity, an explicit goal of the NHI system, is to guarantee equal opportunity of access to health care. However, due to a severe financial deficit, a global budget was introduced to replace the original payment system in 2002.
At the macro level, measuring equity and efficiency of resource allocation in hospital-based health care services is a complex issue concerning multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). Two methods of MCDM are illustrated and analyzed in this study:grey Incidence Analysis (GIA) is used to measure the static resource allocation in NHI system to address the equity in health care services between urban and rural in Taiwan; and data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to measure the efficiency of health care resource allocation and further to explore the impacts of global budgeting scheme in Taiwan’s NHI system.
From the findings of this empirical study, health care resources tend to be clustered in the metropolitan areas, like New Taipei City, Taipei City, Taichung City, Tainan City and Kaohsiung City. Not only equity but also efficiency in Taipei City has the highest ranking, which implies that health care resources in Taipei City are well utilized without wasting health care resources. Although Penghu County has a lower ranking in regards to equity, it has better resource allocation in overall efficiency and allocative efficiency.
Due to supply exceeding demand, Hsinchu County and Hsinchu City have excess supply in hospital-based health care services. DMUs Yilan County, Changhua County, Nantou County and Chiayi City, where demand exceeds supply (excess demand) in hospital-based health care services, it is advisable that a better system of location-selection for new hospitals be implemented in the future. Hence, policy maker should draw attention to improving resource allocation of health care services for the equity in areas such as Yilan County, Hsinchu County, Changhua County, Nantou County, Hsinchu City and Chiayi City.
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