|
[1]Leamon, T. B., Murphy, P. L., “Occupational slips and falls: more than a trivial problem ” , Ergonomics, Vol.38( 3), pp. 487-498 (1995). [2]Health and Safety Executive, HSE, (20011/12) Fatal Injury Statistics, http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals.htm [3]Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Sharp Focus: falls on the same level. Technical Report 59-1-2004. http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/files/FallSameLevel.pdf (2004). [4]Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 2010 workplace safety index [online]. Available from: http://www.libertymutual.com/researchinstitute. From Research to Reality, 13 (3) (2010). [5]Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 2011 Workplace Safety Index, available at http://www.libertymutual.com/researchinstitute. From Research to Reality,14(3)( 2011). [6]Courtney, T. K., Sorock, G. S., Manning, D. P., Collins, J. W., Holbein-Jenny, M. A., “Occupational slip, trip, and fall-related injuries - can the contribution of slipperiness be isolated? ”, Ergonomics, Vol.44 (13), pp.1118-1137(2001). [7]Council of Labor Affairs (2008) Annual report of labor inspection. Taipei, Taiwan. [8]Council of Labor Affairs (2009) Annual report of labor inspection. Taipei, Taiwan. [9]Council of Labor Affairs (2010) Annual report of labor inspection. Taipei, Taiwan. [10]Council of Labor Affairs (2011) Annual report of labor inspection. Taipei, Taiwan. [11]Council of Labor Affairs (2012) Annual report of labor inspection. Taipei, Taiwan. [12]Bureau of Health, 2008. Bureau of Health Promotion Annual Report, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. [13]Oliver, D., Healey, F., Haines, T. P., “Preventing falls and fall-related injuries in hospitals”, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine,Vol.26(4), pp.645-692( 2010). [14]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S.,“Heel contact dynamics during slip events on level and inclined surfaces”, Safety Science, Vol.40(7-8), pp.559-576(2002). [15]Hanson, J. P., Redfern, M. S., Mazumdar, M., “Predicting slips and falls considering required and available friction”, Ergonomics, Vol. 42(12), pp.1619–1633(1999). [16]Moyer, B. E., Chambers, A. J., Cham, R., Redfern, M. S., “Gait parameters as predictors of slip severity in younger and older adults”, Ergonomics, Vol.49(4), pp.329–343 (2006). [17]McGorry, R. W., DiDomenico, A., Chang, C. C., “The anatomy of a slip: kinetic and kinematic characteristics of slip and non-slip matched trials”,Applied Ergonomics,Vol.41(1), pp.41-46 (2010). [18]Tamika, L., Heidena, D. J., Sandersona, B. J., Timothy, I. B., Gunter, P.,“Adaptations to normal human gait on potentially slippery surfaces: The effects of awareness and prior slip experience”, Gait & Posture, Vol.24 (2), pp.237–246 (2006). [19]Strandberg, L., Lanshammar, H., “The dynamics of slipping accidents”,Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol. 3(3), pp. 153–162 (1981). [20]Manning, D. P., “Deaths and injuries caused by slipping, tripping and falling”, Ergonomics,Vol.26(1),pp.3–9,(1983). [21]Tisserand, M., “Progress in the prevention of falls caused by slipping”, Ergonomics,Vol.28(7)pp.1027–1042( 1985). [22]Gronqvist, R., Abeysekera, J., Gard, G., Hsiang, S. M., Leamon, T. B., “Human-centered approaches in slipperiness measurement”Ergonomics,Vol.44(13), pp.1167–1199 (2001). [23]Ekkubus, C. F., Killey, W., “Validity of 0.5 static coefficient of friction (James Machine) as a measure of safe walkway surfaces” Soap/Cosmetics/Chemical Specialties,Vol.49 (2), pp.40–45 (1973). [24]Pilla, D.S., “Slip and Fall Prevention: A Practical Handbook. Lewis Publishers”, USA. (2003). [25]Tisserand, M., “Progress in the prevention of falls caused by slipping”, Ergonomics, Vol.28(7), pp.1027-1042(1985).. [26]Yamaguchi, T., Hokkirigawa, K.,“‘Walking-Mode Maps’ based on slip/non-slip criteria”, Industrial Health,Vol.46, pp. 23–31(2008). [27]Perkins, P.J., Wilson, M.P., “Slip resistance of testing footwears–new developments”, Ergonomics, Vol.26(1), pp.73–82 (1983). [28]Perkins, P. J.,“Measurement of slip between the shoe and ground during walking”, ASTM STP 649. ASTM Philadelphia, PA(1978). [29]Strandberg, L., “On accident analysis and slip-resistance measurement”, Ergonomics Vol.26(1),pp.11–32(1983). [30]Gronqvist, R., Roine, J., Jarvinen, E., Korhonen, E., “An apparatus and a method for determining the slip resistance of shoes and floors by simulation of human foot motions”, Ergonomics, Vol.32 (8), pp.979–995 (1989). [31]Whittle, M., Gait Analysis An Introduction 4Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,pp.52-56(2007). [32]Burnfield, J. M.,, Tsaib, Y. J., Powers C. M., “Comparison of utilized coefficient of friction during different walking tasks in persons with and without a disability”, Gait & Posture, Vol.22(1) ,pp.82–88 (2005). [33]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S., “Changes in gait when anticipating slippery floors”,Gait & Posture, 15, pp.159–171 (2002). [34]ANSI/ASSE A1264.2-2006, Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces ,American National Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations. [35]Gronqvist, R.,“Mechanisms of friction and assessment of slip resistance of new and used footwear soles on contaminated floors”, Ergonomics Vol. 38(2), pp.224-241 (1995). [36]Chang, W.R., “The effects of slip criteria and time on friction measurements”, Safety Science, Vol. 40(7-8), pp.593-611 (2002). [37]Chang, W.R., Matz, S., “The slip resistance of common footwear materials measured with two slipmeters”, Appl. Ergon., Vol.32(6), pp.549-558 (2001). [38]Li, K.W., Chang, W.R., Leamon, T.B., Chen, C.J.,“Floor slipperiness measurement: friction coefficient, roughness of floors, and subjective perception under spillage conditions”, Safety Science, Vol.42(6), pp.547-565 (2004). [39]Li, K.W., Chen, C.J.,“Effect of tread groove orientation and width of the footwear pads on measured friction coefficients”, Saf. Sci. Vol. 43(7), pp. 391-405 (2005). [40]Chang, W.R.,“The effect of surface roughness on the measurement of slip resistance”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,Vol.24(3),pp.299~313(1999). [41]Liu L.W., Li, K.W.,“Study of Slip Resistance Assessment on Working Surfaces”, Iosh100-H320,Taipei, (2011).[42]Li, K. W., Chen, C. J. ,“The effect of shoe soling tread groove width on the coefficient of friction with different sole materials, floors, and contaminants”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.35(6), pp.499–507 (2004). [43]Li, K. W.,Chang, W. R.,Wei. J. C., Kou, C. H.,“Friction measurements on ramps using the Brungraber Mark II slipmeter”, Safety Science, Vol.44(5), pp.375–386 (2006). [44]Liu, L. W., Li, K. W., Lee, Y. H., Chen, C. C.,Chen, C. Y., “Friction measurement anti-slip floors under shoe sole, contamination, and inclination conditions”,Safety Science, Vol.48(10), pp.1321-1326 (2010). [45]Chang, W. R.,Matz, S., Chang, C. C.,“A comparison of required coefficient of friction for both feet in level walking” Safety Science,Vol.50(2), pp.240–243 (2012). [46]Chang, W.R., Kim, I. J.,Manning, D.P., Bunterngchit, Y., “The role of surface roughness in the measurement of slipperiness”, Ergonomics,Vol. 44(13), pp.1200–1216(2001). [47]Proctor, T.D., Coleman, V., “Slipping, tripping, and falling accidents in Great Britain – present and future”, Journal of Occupational Accidents,Vol.9(4), pp.269–285 (1988). [48]Stevenson, M.G.,Hoang, K.,Bunterngchit, Y., Lloyd, D.G.,“Measurement of slip resistance of shoes on floor surfaces, Part 1: Methods”,Journal of Occupational Health Safety–Australia and New Zealand 5,pp. 115–120(1989). [49]Gronqvist, R., Roine, J., Korhonen, E., Rahikainen, A., “Slip resistance versus surface roughness of deck and other underfoot surfaces in ships”, J. Occup. Accid., Vol.13(4), pp. 291-302 (1990). [50]Chang, W.R.,“The effects of surface roughness and contaminant on the dynamic friction of porcelain tile”, Appl. Ergon., Vol.32(2), pp.173-184 (2001). [51]Kim, I. J., Smith, R., Nagata, H.,“Microscopic observation of the progressive wear on shoe surfaces that affect the slip resistance characteristics”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.28(1), pp.17-29 (2001). [52]Manning, D. P., Jones, C., “The effect of roughness, floor polish, water, oil and ice on underfoot friction: current safety footwear solings are less slip resistant than microcellular polyurethane”, Appl. Ergon. ,Vol.32(2), pp.185-196 (2001). [53]Chang, W. R., “Preferred surface microscopic geometric features on floors as potential interventions for slip and fall accidents on liquid contaminated surfaces”, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 35(1), pp.71-79 (2004). [54]Gao, C., Abeysekera, J., Hirvonen, M., Gronqvist, R.,“ Slip resistance properties of footwear on ice”, Ergonomics, Vol. 47(6), pp.710-716 (2004). [55]Harris G. W., Shaw S. R., “Slip resistance of floors: Users' opinions, Tortus instrument readings and roughness measurement” ,Journal of Occupational Accidents,Vol.9(4), pp.287–298(1988). [56]Manning, D. P., Jones, C., Bruce, M., “Proof of shoe slip-resistance by a walking traction test”Journal of Occupational Accidents,Vol.12(4),pp.255–270(1990). [57]Manning, D. P., Jones, C., “The superior slip-resistance of footwear soling compound T66/103”, Safety Science, Vol.18(1), pp.45–60(1994). [58]Chang, W. R., “The effect of surface roughness on dynamic friction between neolite and quarry tile”,Safety Science, Vol.29(2), pp.89–105(1998). [59]Strandberg, L.,“The effect of conditions underfoot on falling and overexertion accidents”, Ergonomics, Vol.28 (1), pp.131–147 (1985). [60]Leclercq, S., Tisserand, M., Saulnier, H.,“Tribological concepts involved in slipping accidents analysis”, Ergonomics, Vol.38 (2), pp.197–208 (1995). [61]Manning, D. P., Jones, C., “The effect of roughness, floor polish, water, oil and ice on underfoot friction: current safety footwear solings are less slip resistant than microcellular polyurethane”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.32(2), pp.185–196 (2001). [62]Mills, R., Dwyer-Joyce, R. S., Loo-Morrey, M., “The mechanisms of pedestrian slip on flooring contaminated with solid particles”Tribology International,Vol.42(3),PP.403–412, (2009). [63]Yamaguchi, T., Umetsu, T., Ishizuka, Y., Kasuga, Y., Ito, T., Ishizawa, S., Hokkirigawa, K., “Development of new footwear sole surface pattern for prevention of slip-related falls”,Safety Science, Vol.50(4),pp. 986–994(2012). [64]Haslam, R. A., Bentley, T. A., “Follow-up investigations of slip, trip and fall accidents among postal delivery workers”, Safety Science ,Vol. 32(1), pp.33–47 (1999). [65]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S., “Heel contact dynamics during slip events on level and inclined surfaces”, Safety Science, Vol. 40(7-8), pp.559–576 (2002). [66]Chang, W. R., Li, K. W., Huang, Y. H., Filiaggi, A., Courtney, T. K., “Assessing floor slipperiness in fast-food restaurants in Taiwan using objective and subjective measures”, Appl. Ergon., Vol.35(4) , pp. 401-408 (2004). [67]Myung, R., Smith, J. L., Leamon, T. B., “Slip distance as an objective criterion to determine the dominant parameter between static and dynamic COFs”, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting, pp. 738–741. [68]Leamon, T. B., Son, D. H., The natural history of a microslip. In: Mital, A. (Ed.), Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety. Taylor & Francis, London, UK, pp. 633–638(1989). [69]McGorry, R. W., DiDomenico, A., Chang, C. C. , “The use of a heel-mounted accelerometer as an adjunct measure of slip distance”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.38(3) , pp. 369-376 (2007). [70]DiDomenico, A., McGorry, R. W., Chang, C. C., “Association of subjective ratings of slipperiness to heel displacement following contact with the floor”, Applied Ergonomics Vol.38(5),pp.533–539(2007). [71]Leamon, T., Li, K. W., “Microslip length and perception of slipping” ,23rd International Congress on Occupational Heath, Montreal, Canada, 22-28 September, 1990, pp. 17-18 (1990). [72]Lanshammar, H., Strandberg, L., Horizontal Floor reaction forces and heel movements during the initial stance phase. In: Matsui, H., Kobayashi, K. (Eds.). Biomechanics VIII. University Park Press, Baltimore(1983). [73]Holbien-Jenny, M. A., Redfern, M. S., Gottesman, D., Chaffin, D. B., “ Kinematics of heel strike during walking and carrying: implications for slip resistance testing”,Ergonomics Vol.50(3), 352–363. [74]McGorry. R. W., Chang, C. C., DiDomenico, A., “Rearward movement of the heel at heel strike”, Appl. Ergon. Vol.39(6), pp.678–684(2008). [75]Minister’s Secretariat Statistics and Information Department of Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare, 2006. Vital Statistics of Japan 2004, vol. 1. Health & Welfare Statistics Association. [76]Redfern, M. S., DiPasquale, J., “Biomechanics of descending ramps”, Gait & Posture Vol.6(2),pp119–125(1997). [77]Strandberg, L., Lanshammar, H., “The dynamics of slipping accidents”, Journal of Occupational Accidents,Vol.3(3),pp.153–162(1981). [78]Myung, R., “Use of backward slip to predict falls in friction test protocols”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,Vol. 32 (5),.pp.319–329(2003). [79]Chambers, A. J., Margerum, S., Redfern, M. S., Cham, R., “Kinematics of the foot during slips”, Occupational Ergonomics,Vol.3, No. 4, pp.225–234(2003). [80]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S., “Heel contact dynamics during slip events on level and inclined surfaces”, Safety Science, Vol.40 (7–8), pp.559–576(2002). [81] Redfern, M. S., Cham, R., Gielo-Perczak, K., Gronqvist, R., Hirvonen, M., Lanshammar, H., Marpet, M., Pai, C. Y., Powers, C., “Biomechanics of slips”, Ergonomics Vol.44 (13),pp. 1138–1166(2001). [82]Myung, R., Smith, J. L., Leamon, T. B., “Subjective assessment of floor slipperiness”, International Journal of industrial Ergonomics, Vol.11(4), pp.313-319(1993). [83]Karst, G. M., Hageman, P. A., Jones, T. F., Bunner, S. H., “Reliability of foot trajectory measures within and between testing sessions”,Journal of Gerontology Medical Sciences ,Vol.54(7),pp.M343–M347 (1999). [84]Mills, P. M., Barret, R. S., “Swing phase mechanics of healthy young and elderly men”, Human Movement Science,Vol. 20 (4-5), pp. 427-446(2001). [85]Espy, D. D., Yang, F., Bhatt, T., Pai, Y. C.,“Independent influence of gait speed and step length on stability and fall risk”, Gait & Posture,Vol.32 (3), pp. 378-382 (2010). [86]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S.,“Lower extremity corrective reactions to slip events”, Journal of Biomechanics,Vol.34 (11), pp.1439-1445 (2001). [87]Cham, R., Redfern, M. S.,“Changes in gait when anticipating slippery floors”, Gait & Posture, Vol.15 (2), pp. 159–171 (2002). [88]Bhatt, T., Wening, J. D., Pai, Y. C., “Influence of gait speed on stability: recovery from anterior slips and compensatory stepping”, Gait & Posture, Vol.21 (2), pp.146–156 (2005). [89]Brady, R. A., Pavol, M. J., Owings, T. M.,Grabiner, M. D.,“Foot displacement but not velocity predicts the outcome of a slip induced in young subjects while walking”,Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.33 (7), pp.803–808 (2000). [90]Lockhart, T. E.,Woldstad, J. C.,Smith, J.L.,“Effects of age-related gait changes on the biomechanics of slips and falls”, Ergonomics, Vol.46(12), pp.1136-1160 (2003). [91]Lockhart, T. E.,Woldstad, J. C.,Smith, J. L.,Ramsey, J. D.,“Effects of age related sensory degradation on perception of floor slipperiness and associated slip parameters”Safety Sci.Vol.40(7-8),pp.689–703(2002). [92]Lockhart, T. E.,Spaulding, J. M.,Park, S. H.,“Age-related slip avoidance strategy while walking over a known slippery floor surface”, Gait &Posture 26(1),pp.142–149(2007). [93]Winter, D. A.,Patla, A. E.,Frank, J. S.,Walt, S. E.,“Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly”,Phys Ther,Vol70(6),pp.340–347(1990). [94]Lockhart, T. E., Kim, S. W.,“Relationship between hamstring activation rate and heel contact velocity: factors influencing age-related slip-induced falls”, Gait & Posture ,Vol.24(1),pp.23–34(2006). [95]Gronqvist, R., Hirvonen, M.,Tohv, A., “Evaluation of three portable floor slipperiness testers”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.25(1), pp. 85-95 (2000). [96]Chang, W. R., Li, K. W., Huang, Y. H., Filiaggi, A., Courtney, T. K.,“Objective and subjective measurements of slipperiness in fast-food restaurants in the USA and their comparison with the previous results obtained in Taiwan”, Safety Science , Vol.44(10), pp.891-903 (2006). [97]Li, K. W., Hsu, Y. W., Chang, W. R., Lin, C. H.,“Friction measurements on three commonly used floors on a college campus under dry, wet, and sand-covered conditions”, Safety Science, Vol.45 (9), pp.980-992 (2007). [98]American Society for Testing and Materials, F-1677-05, Standard method of test for using a portable inclinable articulated strut slip tester (PIAST), Annual Book of ASTM Standards. vol. 15.07. West Conshohochen, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials(2005). [99]Miller, J. M., “ “Slippery” work surface: toward a performance definition and quantitative coefficient of friction criteria”, J. Saf. Res. ,VOl.14, pp.145-158(1983). [100]Li, K. W., Wu, H. H., Lin, Y. C., “The effect of shoe sole tread groove depth on the friction coefficient with different tread groove widths, floors and contaminants”, Appl. Ergon. Vol.37(6), pp.743-748 (2006). [101]Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner, M. H., Applied Linear Regression Models, 2nd ed., Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood, IL, USA (1989). [102]McVay, E. J.,Redfern, M. S.,“Rampway safety: foot forces as a function of rampway angle”, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,Vol.55(7), pp.626-634 (1994). [103]Liu, L. W., Lee, Y. H., Li, K. W., Lin, C. J., Chen, C. Y., “Shoe Sole Tread Designs and Outcomes of Slipping and Falling on Slippery Floor Surfaces” ,PLOS ONE Vol. 8, Issue7, e68989. (2013). [104]Li, K. W., Chang, W. R., Chang, C. C., “Evaluation of two models of a slipmeter”, Safety Science, Vol.47 (10), pp.1434-1439 (2009). [105]Davis, P. R., “Human Factors contributing to slips, trips, and falls”, Ergonomics, Vol.26 (1), pp.51-59 (1983).
|