參考文獻
一、中文文獻
大紀元，(2014)。度假打工保險不足，台監委示警。2014年7月23日，載自http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/14/7/23/n4207323.htm
外交部，(2015)。中華民國國民申請其他國家「打工度假(青年交流)簽證」參考資料。2015年5月28日，載自http://www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=2707&;ctNode=739&;mp=1
吳念慈，(2007)。海外遊學學生度過充實暑期生活。傳科學生，第一期，載自http://ir.nctu.edu.tw/handle/11536/33357
康文文教基金會，(2012)。國內首份「國外打工度假問卷」結果大公開。2012年9月20日，載自http://www.travel934.org.tw/GoodNewsKw/Stage/SDetail.aspx?id=728
路透社，(2015)。打工度假注意，澳洲將調查外籍工有沒有被剝削。2015年5月5日，載自http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=3866
陳嬿嬿、鍾招正，(2014)。餐旅系學生經新加坡實習後對語言與競爭力提升之研究-以大仁科技大學為例。大仁學報，44期，57-74頁。
黃登奧，(2014)。台灣年輕人可以去11個國家打工度假，但為什麼八成都去澳洲? 參考資料。2015年5月28日，載自http://www.thenewslens.com/post/63639/
監察院，(2014)。打工度假調查報告電子公文。2015年5月28日，載自http://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdUrl=./di/RSS/detail.asp&;no=2743
劉永順，(2006)。台灣推動高中職學生國際教育旅行的現況與展望。教育資料與研究，71期，37-46頁。Babbie, E. (2005)。研究方法：基礎理論與技巧（二版）（林佳瑩、徐富珍校訂）。台北：雙葉書廊。
二、英文文獻
Andrews, F. M., &; Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., &; Falk, J. (2011). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short- and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modeling. Tourism Management, 32, 1243-1252.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory aggression. Journal of Communication, 28(3), 12-29.
Barros, C. P., &; Machado, L. P. (2010). The length of stay in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 692-706.
Bearden, W. O., &; Richard, G. N. (1999). Handbook of Marketing Scale. 2d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Beh, A., &; Bruyere, B. L. (2007). Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves. Tourism Management, 28, 1464-1471.
Benson, J., &; Clark, F. (1982). A guide for instrument development and validation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 36(12), 789-800.
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA : Multivariate software.
Bianchi, R. (2000). Migrant tourist-workers: Exploring the ‘contact zones’ of postindustrial tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(2), 107-137.
Bloodworth, G., &; Petersen, N. J. (2011). Developing visualization tools for geographic literacy in a museum exhibit: An interdisciplinary collaboration. Journal of Geography, 110, 137-147.
Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: What is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 73, 52-68.
Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: using social networks to research non‐heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 47-60.Burns, N., &; Grove, S. K. (2001). The concepts of measurement. The practices of nursing research: Conduct, critique, &; utilization (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Carlson R. (1997). Experienced cognition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, New York.
Chang W. W., Yuan, Y. H., &; Chuang, Y. T. (2013). The relationship between international experience and cross-cultural adaptability. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 268-273.
Chen, C. F., &; Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31, 29-35.
Chen, C. F., &; Tsai, M. H. (2008). Perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty of TV travel product shopping: Involvement as a moderator. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1166-1171.
Chen, G., Bao, J., &; Huang, S. (2014). Developing a scale to measure backpackers’ personal development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 522-536.
Chiou, J. S., &; Shen, C. C. (2006). The effects of satisfaction, opportunism, and asset specificity on consumers' loyalty intention toward internet portal sites. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(1), 7-22.Choi, J., Lee, A., &; Ok, C. (2013). The effects of consumers' perceived risk and benefit on attitude and behavioral intention: A study of street food. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 222-237.
Churchill, G. A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.Clarke, N. (2004a). Mobility, fixity, agency: Australia’s working holiday programme. Population, Space and Place, 10, 411-420.
Clarke, N. (2004b). Free independent travelers? British working holiday makers in Australia. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(4), 499-509.
Clawson, M., &; Knetsch, J. L. (1966). Economics of outdoor recreation. Washington, DC: Researces for the future Series, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Coghlan, A., &; Gooch, M. (2011). Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(6), 713-728.
Cohen, E. (1973). Nomads from affluence: Notes on the phenomenon of drifter-tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 14, 89-103.
Conradson, D., &; Latham, A. (2005). Friendship, networks and transnationalism in a world city: Antipodean transmigrants in London. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 287-305.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-24.
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Dictionary.com (2015). http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/experiences?s=t (Retrieved May 8, 2015)
Dolnicar, S. (2004). Beyond “commonsense segmentation”: A systematics of segmentation approaches in tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 244-250.
Falk, J. H., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., &; Benckendorff, P. (2012). Travel and learning: A neglected tourism research area. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 908-927.
Fang, C.-C., Cheung, C., Hsueh, C., &; Cheng, K.-C. (2013). The effects of work attitude and internship satisfaction on the hospitality students’ future career intention: A case study of Taiwan. The Proceedings of 1st World Conference on Hospitality, Tourism and Event Research and International Convention and Expo Summit 2013, Bangkok, Thailand.
Faries, J. (1999). Windsor village: A case study in the psychological impacts of low income neighborhood design. LA 404 Comprehensive Project.
Fiol, M. C., &; Lyles, M. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 803-813.
Fornell, C., &; Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structure equations models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.Forsythe, S., Liu, C., Shannon, D., &; Gardner, L. C. (2006). Development of a scale to measure the perceived benefits and risks of online shopping. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 20(2), 55-75.
Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., &; Linder, G. F. (1999). Family violence and the perpetration of adolescent dating violence: Examining social learning and social control processes. Journal of Marriage and the family, 61(2), 331-342.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., &; Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23.Gradner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gursoy, D., &; McCleary, K. W. (2004). An integrative model of tourists’ information search behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 353-373.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., &; Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan.
Harding, G., &; Webster, E. (2002) The working holiday maker scheme and the Australian labour market. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne September.
Heuman, D. (2005). Hospitality and reciprocity working tourists in Dominica. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 407-418.
Ho, C.-L., Lin, P.Y., &; Huang, S.-C. (2014). Exploring Taiwanses working holiday-makers’ motivations: An analysis of means-end hierarchies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 38(4), 463-486.
Hosany, S., &; Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of cruisers’ experiences, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 351-364.
Hsu, H. C., Cai, L. A., &; Wong, K. F. (2007). A model of senior tourism motivations: Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai. Tourism Management, 28, 1262-1273.
Hu, L., &; Bentler, O. M., (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.Huang, J., &; Hsu, C. (2010). The impact of customer-to-customer interaction on cruise experience and vacation satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), 79-92.Hwang, J., &; Hyun, S. S. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of brand prestige in luxury restaurants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(6), 656-683.
Jafari, J. (1990). Research and scholarship: The basis of tourism education. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(1), 33-41.Jansen-Verbeke, M., &; Rekom, J. (1996). Scanning museum visitors: Urban tourism marketing. Annals of Travel Research, 23(2), 364-375.
Janta, H., Ladkin, A., Brown, L., &; Lugosi, P. (2011). Employment experiences of polish migrant workers in the UK hospitality sector. Tourism Management, 32, 1006-1019.
Jarvis, J., &; Peel, V. (2013). Tourists for hire: International working holidaymakers in a work based destination in regional Australia. Tourism Management, 37, 114-124.
Jen, W., Tu, R., &; Lu, T. (2011). Managing passenger behavioral intention: An integrated framework for service quality, satisfaction, perceived value, and switching barriers. Transportation, 38(2), 321-342
Jing, S. U. N., &; Bing, X. U. (2010). A study on transnational enterprise faces cultural difference and transculture management under economic globalization background. Cross Cultural Communication, 6(2), 48-56.
Jung H., &; Yoon H. H. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviors and organizational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel. Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 369-378.
Kang, M., &; Gretzel, U. (2012). Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park. Tourism Management, 33(2), 440-455.
Kanning, M. (2008). Influence of overseas travel experiences on the worldviews of U.S. backpackers. Unpublished PhD diss., Clemson University, South Carolina.
Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(1), 8-18.Kemp, S. (2002). The hidden workforce: Volunteers’ learning in the Olympics. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26, 109-116.
Kim, D. J., Ferrin, D. L., &; Rao, H. R. (2009). Trust and satisfaction, two stepping stones for successful e-commerce relationships: A longitudinal exploration. Information Systems Research, 20(2), 237-257.
Kim, D., &; Jang, S. S. (2014). Motivational drivers for status consumption: A study of Generation Y consumers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 38, 39-47.
Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B., &; McCormick, B. (2010). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.Kim, Y. G., Eves, A., &; Scarles, C. (2009). Building a model of local food consumption on trips and holidays: A grounded theory approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 423-431.
Kimmel, J. R. (1999). Ecotourism as environmental learning. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(2), 40-44.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. Tourism Management, 23, 221-232.
Lee, T., &; Balchin, N. (1995). Learning and attitude change at British Nuclear Fuel’s Sellafield visitors centre. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 283-298.
Lewis, B. R., Templeton, G. F., &; Byrd, T. A. (2005). A methodology for construct development in MIS research. European Journal of Information Systems, 14(4), 388-400.
Li, H.-I. (2012). The study of the relationship among culture intelligence, cross-Cultural adjustment, and job satisfaction of working holiday maker in Australia. Unpublished master thesis, Department of Social and Regional Development, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei.
Li, M., Huang, Z., &; Cai, L. A. (2009). Benefit segmentation of visitors to a rural community-based festival. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, 26, 585-598.
Lincoln, M. A., &; McAllister, L. L. (1993). Peer learning in clinical education. Medical Teacher, 15(1), 17-25.Liu, J. S., &; Tsaur, S.-H. (2014). We are in the same boat: Tourist citizenship behaviors. Tourism Management, 42, 88-100.
Liu, R. L. (2012). The process of coping with changes: A study of learning experiences for the aboriginal nursing freshmen. New Horizons in Education, 60(1), 1-12.Loker-Murphy, L., &; Pearce, P. L. (1995). Young budget travellers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 819-843.
Lu, L., &; Hu, C. H. (2005). Personality, leisure experiences and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(3), 325-342.
Lück, M. (2003). Education on marine mammal tours as agent or conservation- but do tourists want to be educated? Ocean &; Coastal Management, 46, 943-956.
Lyu, S. O., &; Lee, H. (2013). Market segmentation of golf event spectators using leisure benefits. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, 30, 186-200.
McDonald, R. P., &; Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analysis. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82.
McKercher, B., &; Cros, H. D. (2003). Testing a cultural tourism typology. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(1), 45-58.McQuillan J., &; Tse, L. (1994). Child language brokering in linguistic minority communities: Effects on cultural interaction, cognition, and literacy. Language and Education, 9(3), 195-215.
Miles, J. (1991). Viewpoint: Teaching in wilderness. The Journal of Environmental Education, 22(4), 5-9.
Mimouni-Chaabane, A., &; Volle, P. (2010). Perceived benefits of loyalty programs: Scale development and implications for relational strategies. Journal of Business Research, 63, 32-37.
Mitchell, R. (1998). Learning through play and pleasure travel: Using play literature to enhance research into touristic learning. Current Issues in Tourism, 1(2), 176-188.Nimrod, G., &; Rotem, A. (2010). Between relaxation and excitement: Activities and benefits gained in retirees’ tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 65-78.
Nishimura, S., Waryszak, R. &; King, B. (2006). Guidebook use by Japanese tourists: A qualitative Study of Australia inbound Travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(1), 13-26.Nunnally, J. C., &; Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oliver, R. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 460-469.
Orams, M. B. (1997). The effectiveness of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into “greenies”? Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(4), 295-306.
Packer, J. (2006). Learning for fun: The unique contribution of educational leisure experiences. Curator: The Museum Journal, 49(3), 329-344.
Pan, T.-J. (2012). Motivation of volunteer overseas and what have we learned: The experience of Taiwanese students. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1493-1501.
Park, D., &; Yoon, Y. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A korean case study. Tourism Management, 30, 99-108.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pearce, P. L., &; Foster, F. (2007). A “University of travel”: Backpacker learning. Tourism Management, 28, 1285-1298.
Pizam, A., &; Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 901-917.
Pizam, A., Uriely, N., &; Reichel, A. (2000). The intensity of tourist-host social relationship and its effects on satisfaction and change of attitudes: The case of working tourists in Israel. Tourism Management, 21, 395-406.
Prawat, R. S. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning: a constructivist perspective. American Journal of Education, 100(3), 354-395.
Prawat, R. S. (1996). Learning community, commitment and school reform. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 28(1), 91-110.Riley, P. J. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travellers. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 313-328.
Roberson, Jr. D. N. (2003). Learning experiences of senior travelers. Studies in Continuting Education, 25(1), 125-144.Salleh, A. (1995). Prestasi Kerja Penguasa-Penguasa Kastam Di Jabatan Kastam Dan Eksais Diraja Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia).
Saxe, R., &; Weitx, B. A. (1982). The SOCO scale: A measure of the customer orientation of salespeople. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 343-351.
Saxena, G. (2005). Relationships, networks and the learning regions: Case evidence from the Peak District National Park. Tourism Management, 26, 277-289.
Scarinci, J., &; Pearce, P. (2012). The perceived influence of travel experiences on learning generic skills. Tourism Management, 33, 380-386.
Schacter, D. L., Chiu, C. Y. P., &; Ochsner, K. N. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16(1), 159-182.Sin, H. L. (2009). Volunteer tourism-“Involve me and I will learn”? Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 480-501.
So, K. K. F., King, C., &; Sparks, B. (2014). Customer engagement With tourism brands: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality &; Tourism Research, 38(3), 304-329.
Sparks, B., &; Pan, G. W. (2009). Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4), 483-494.
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
Stein, T. V., Denny, C. B. &; Pennisi, L. A. (2003). Using visits’ motivations to provide learning opportunities at water-based recreation areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(5), 404-425.
Stone, M. J., &; Petrick, J. F. (2013). The educational benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 731-744.
Suh, K.-S., &; Lee, Y.-E. (2005). The effects of virtual reality on consumer learning: An empirical investigation. MIS Quarerly, 29(4), 673-697.
Tai, C.-L., Chen, L.-C., Chang, C.-M., &; Hong, J.-Y. (2012). The impact of individual characteristics, personality traits, perceived risk on young’s intention to participate in overseas working holiday. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 388-395.
Tan, Y., Richardson, S., Lester, L., Bai, T., &; Sun, M. L. (2009). Evaluation of Australia's working holiday maker (WHM) program. Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
Thomas, R. W., Soutar, G. N., &; Ryan, M. M. (2001). The selling orientation-customer orientation (SOCO) scale: A proposed short form. Journal of Personal Selling &; Sales Management, 21(1), 63-69.Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., &; Park, C. W. (2005). The ties that bind: Measuring the strength of consumers’ emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77-91.Tsang, E. W. K. (1997). Organizational learning and the learning organization- A dichotomy between descriptive and prescriptive research. Human Relations, 50(1), 73-89.Tsaur, S. H., Lin, W. R., &; Liu, J. S. (2013). Sources of challenge for adventure tourists: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 38, 85-93.
Tsaur, S.-H., &; Huang, C.-C. (2011). Exploring the learning of working holiday travelers: A qualitative approach. The 17th Annual Conference of Asia Pacific Tourism Association, Seoul, Korea.
Tsaur, S.-H., &; Huang, C.-C. (2015). Working holiday tourist learning: Scale development and validation. Journal of Travel &; Tourism Marketing, accept.
Tsaur, S.-H., Liang, Y.-.W., &; Lin, W.-R. (2012). Conceptualization and Measurement of the recreationist-environment fit. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(1), 110-130.Tsaur, S.-H., Lin, W.-R., Cheng, T.-M. (2015). Toward a structural model of challenge experience in advance recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(3), 322-336.
Tsaur, S.-H., Yen, C.H., &; Chen, C.-L. (2010). Independent tourist knowledge and skills. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 1035-1054.
Turner, S., &; Leydon, J. (2012). Improving geographic literacy among first-year undergraduate students: Testing the effectiveness of online quizzes. Journal of Geography, 111, 54-66.
Uriely, N. (2001). ‘Travelling workers’ and ‘working tourists’: Variations across the interaction between work and tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(1), 1-8.Vicente, K., Thornton, D., &; Moray, N. (1987). Spectral analysis of sinus arrhythmia: A measure of mental effort. Human Factors, 29(2), 171-182.
Ward, R. (2000). Transfer from middle to secondary school: A New Zealand study. International Journal of Educational Research, 33(4), 365-374.
Wilson, J., Fisher, D., &; Moore, K. (2010). The OE goes ‘home’: Cultural aspects of a working holiday experience. Tourist Studies, 9(1), 3-21.Winnuwat, U. (2011). Intercultural Communication of Thai Employees in International Organizations (Doctoral dissertation, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY BANGKOK, THAILAND).
Wolfe, K., &; Hsu, C. H. (2004). An application of the social psychological model of tourism motivation. International Journal of Hospitality &; Tourism Administration, 5(1), 29-47.Yang, Y.-L., &; Huang, C.-H. (2013). Exploring the leisure benefits of working holiday makers. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 2(9), 76-82.
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22.
Zeppel, H., &; Muloin, S. (2008). Conservation benefits of interpretation on marine wildlife tours. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13(4), 280-294.