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題名：貨櫃航商不同策略群組經營效率研究-以資料包絡分析
作者：黃望修
作者(外文)：Huang, Wang-Hsiu
校院名稱：國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱：航運管理學系
指導教授：林光
張志清
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2016
主題關鍵詞：貨櫃航運；策略群組；資料包絡分析；效率分析；類別分析；Container Shipping；Strategic Group；Data Envelopment Analysis；Efficiency Analysis；Categorical Analysis
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當航運產業面臨全球衰退之趨勢時，航運公司隨之調整其經營策略，以往的 研究揭示其調整多集中在運務精簡，或市場資源的重分配，本研究提出了建立企 業基本健全與能力為企業追求的經營目標，並檢證國際貨櫃航運各不同策略群組 的經營策略，有助於航運產業績效改善。本文首先將全球主要貨櫃航運業者，按照其執行擴張導向策略的程度分級為四個集群，而後以資料包絡分析法(Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA)為基礎進行類別分析(categorical analysis)，其間並建置三個時間視窗(time window)以產生所有貨櫃航運業者的效率值。
本研究建構基本經營策略的健全因子有兩類，一類含貨櫃運能與多角化兩項，另一類含以資產負債比例為代表的財務槓桿與以自有/租用貨櫃船隊比例為代表的營運槓桿，四者不同強弱程度之交互作用衍生效益對體質產生不同效果。本研究以營業收入、息前稅前與折舊攤銷前利得(EBITDA)，及淨利為業者績效指標，維持這些指標各期的優勢即為追求長期經營目標，本研究驗證了維持四者的動態平衡發展，可以達到貨櫃航運業者的擴張目標。
本研究分析模型分三階段，首先建構一過渡性 DEA 模型以測試規模效率； 其後為全正值的類別分析模型，並經 Mann-Whitney U test 分析證實集群平均值 差異的顯著性；最後導入負值因素建立 Range Directional Model (RDM)，作為完整的類別分析，由這些模型產生多項貨櫃航運業的效率值，可以對繁複的產業環境作深入廣泛的瞭解。研究結果顯示，在追求貨櫃航運業的永續發展中，業者以高運能低槓桿為策略者，較低運能高槓桿者有較佳的效率，要改善效率須從模型之四象中做動態調整。本研究提出全球主要貨櫃航航商的集群分類方法，以及平衡長期策略的概念，可對航運公司經營注入有利內涵；本研究之發現可做為航運公司策略研究之參考。
When shipping industry encountered global economic decline, container carriers adjusted their management strategies as indicated in previous researches. Most of their strategies, however, focused on operational reduction or market reallocation. Through efficiency analysis of various strategic groups of container carriers, this study found that improving management efficiency by building fundamental organizational competence and capabilities is a better approach to achieve sustained high performance. This research proposes a two-dimension measure to categorize major global container carriers into four groups according to their degree of long term growth-oriented strategies. The long term growth-oriented strategies are defined in two dimensions, one is represented by container fleet capacity and scope diversification, whilst the other consists of financial leverage (asset/debt ratio) and operating leverage (owned/chartered fleet ratio). Container carriers seeking for long-term success as measured by revenue, EBITDA and net profit need to maintain dynamically balanced positioning between aggressive capacity and conservative leverage among the four categories of strategic groups.
A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was constructed to examine efficiency of container carriers. A Range Directional Model (RDM) with advanced classification of Decision Making Units (DMUs) is further conducted. Enhanced with these two refinements to the initial DEA model, the study performed a complete categorical analysis of container carriers’ efficiency across three time windows. The research results showed that the carriers operating with high capacity and low leverage performed better than their counterparties with low capacity and high leverage in sustaining their profits. To improve the performance, it requires dynamic re-positioning and adjustment among the four strategic quadrants as defined in our models. This balanced strategic positioning concept provides a new insight into the way shipping companies should be managed in the business cycles.
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