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題名:速度對新聞專業的衝擊:即時新聞現象的討論
作者:彭慧明
作者(外文):PENG,HUI-MING
校院名稱:世新大學
系所名稱:傳播研究所(含博士學位學程)
指導教授:葉乃靜
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:速度科技加速液態現代性即時新聞新聞專業客觀性網絡新聞學透明性守門人望門者策展兼說明的望門者speedtechnological accelerationreal-time newsliquid modernityreal-time newsjournalistic professionalismobjectivitynetworked journalismtransparencygatekeepergatewatchercurated gatewatcher
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在新聞的專業理論中,力求客觀、正確、平衡、深入的報導事實、論理分析,提供閱聽眾社會認知、監督執政與關注社會議題,始終是百年來新聞產業與新聞記者信奉的理念,新聞產製的運作規則更賦予記者報導事件的權力與社會地位。然則隨著科技的進步帶動加速,改變了時間與空間的關係、生活節奏更加快速,產業及社會結構有了各種變化的可能,趨向液態的現代性。
過去,權威的新聞記者與媒體是社會的第四權、訊息的守門人,具備權威的地位。但網路技術的發展,多元的訊息來源與各種社群網站興起、形成另一種媒體平台,從根本上影響了傳統媒體的地位,數位媒體的崛起,更讓傳統媒體生存面臨威脅。跟進外國主流媒體的策略,台灣平面媒體在加速的社會中,也選擇以速度爭取閱聽眾的注意力,以發展快速的即時新聞,希望奪回行動時代的新聞優勢。
本研究以Paul Hirsch的傳播媒體研究架構,結合Hartmut Rosa的科技加速理論與Zygmunt Bauman的液態現代性理論,試圖討論「加速」現象對記者、新聞產業與社會機制的影響,對專業的衝擊。本研究提出三個研究問題,試圖了解1. 生產即時新聞過程中,對記者專業的衝擊;2.當前傳統報業媒體數位化的策略與挑戰,面臨的問題;3.當前新聞專業中,新的典範取代傳統專業(客觀性、平衡、正確報導)的可能,例如透明性、網絡新聞學。
本研究深度訪談25位平面傳統報業記者,以及5位報社即時新聞編輯,請記者與編輯以自己的工作流程與產品進行分析,了解即時新聞運作與內部對即時新聞編採流程的管理,回應研究問題。
即時新聞在全世界都不是新產品,通訊社更是以銷售即時新聞為主要商業模式,但傳統平面媒體推出即時新聞三年,卻出現大量負面的評價。本研究提出了四個即時新聞在台灣本土的特殊現象,包括1.為了點閱率,專業媒體集體抄襲;2.即時更正、更新的「滾動式更新」模式,在國際間是首見,也造成新聞的「維基百科化」;3.相較於國際間其他媒體記者發出的網路新聞內容完整、後續報版新聞有延續性,台灣平面記者有「切割」作品的狀況,將即時當成資訊,將紙本視為正式新聞;以及4.在集體抄襲中,記者的獨家時間縮短或迅速消失,小型媒體可能被邊緣化。本研究最後並嘗試對新聞專業理論提出兩個修正性觀點。
In the field of journalistic professionalism, both the whole news industry and the journalists have had a faith for a century that giving the objective, accurate, balanced, and in-depth coverage and analysis of the incidents to people, which not only provides them with social cognition, but empowered them to supervise the government and focus on specific issues for the audience; the way news being produced grants journalists the power to report the events and their social status. Yet, with the advances of technology, which brings about “technological acceleration” that changes the relationship between time and space and makes a faster pace of life, and these would result in the likelihood that the industries and social structures vary, and liquid modernity is being reached in the meantime.
In the field of journalistic professionalism, both the whole news industry and the journalists have had a faith for a century that giving the objective, accurate, balanced, and in-depth coverage and analysis of the incidents to people, which not only provides them with social cognition, but empowered them to supervise the government and focus on specific issues for the audience; the way news being produced grants journalists the power to report the events and their social status. Yet, with the advances of technology, which brings about “technological acceleration” that changes the relationship between time and space and makes a faster pace of life, and these would result in the likelihood that the industries and social structures vary, and liquid modernity is being reached in the meantime.
The realtime news has started its development since 2013 in Taiwan. It arises from the questioning the present news media from the audience, but when it comes to the substantial issues, the audience still have confidence in traditional news media. What mentioned above make the topic of this dissertation more clear: starting from the phenomenon of real-time news, and it will show how much rapidity influence journalistic professionalism, and tries to shed light on the possible adjustments of professional journalism.
In this dissertation, the theories from Paul Hirsch, Hartmut Rosa and Zygmunt Bauman are used to discuss about how “speed” (acceleration) affects journalists, the industries, social mechanisms, and furthermore, its impacts on professionalism. The following are the research questions:
1. What are the impacts on professionalism of the journalists within the process of making real-time news?
2. What are the difficulties the traditional news media are facing now while they are in the process of digitalization?
3. Will it be possible that there is a new paradigm replacing the old one?
In-depth interviewing were conducted with 25 journalists from traditional news press, and five realtime news editors were included as well; they were asked to analyze their workflows and results to give a better understanding of the management within the business, which responded to the research questions.
Four phenomena, resulted from the making of the realtime news in Taiwan, were indicated in this dissertation:
1. Professional news media plagiarize collectively in order to obtain more click rate.
2. It is first seen worldwide that news can be revised, updated within the “Rolling-update” (correct) pattern, which leads to “wikipediazation” of the news.
3. The journalists in press media would break the events into pieces, that is, they regard the real-time news as “information”, and the printed ones as the “formal” news.
4. Under the circumstances of collective plagiarization, the duration of the exclusive news might be shortened or disappear swiftly, and even worse, some small-scale media would be marginalized.
Two adjustments are proposed here to review professionalism of journalism. First, the media should transform into “curated gatewatcher”, which means journalist should do a report based on his or her own expert knowledge, and moreover, based on transparency of open-source database, they should form a complete coverage with viewpoints in a limited time. Second, in order to allow readers know more about the topics out of the regular news, professional news media and independent journalists might have a chance to collaborate toward some crucial issues, which derives from the idea of networked journalism.
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