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題名:安全化的重塑:行為者權力評估模型
作者:劉泰廷 引用關係
作者(外文):Tai-Ting Liu
校院名稱:國立中興大學
系所名稱:國際政治研究所
指導教授:蔡東杰
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:安全化哥本哈根學派權力關係SecuritizationCopenhagen SchoolPowerRelations
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1998年,布贊、維佛和德威爾德等三人合著的《安全:一個新分析架構》開啟西方國際關係學界關於「安全化」研究的先聲,也奠定哥本哈根學派在國際關係領域的地位。「安全化」自提出以後,被許多歐美學者運用於分析氣候變遷、傳染病、恐怖主義、海盜等非傳統安全問題,並於近年開始流傳於亞洲學界。然而,即便如此,哥本哈根學派長期以來遭受批評,而各界批評無非強調該學派的歐洲中心主義,並質疑後實證理論的實用性等問題。有鑑於此,同時顧及近年西方國際關係學界開始大聲疾呼「學科全球化」的趨勢,本研究嘗試在「安全化」的架構中納入「關係」的概念,以提出一個能用於分析安全問題和外交政策的新架構。此外,透過再融入衝突理論、「權力」的概念以及矩陣圖的運用,本研究提出一個能用於初步分析兩個行為者之間互動的政策分析模型。透過中國和美日兩國於南海和東海地區的案例,本研究試呈現行為者(國家)之間如何建構安全問題、安全化的過程,以及在危機爆發後的去安全化過程。透過修正「安全化」的概念,研究者希望新模型能進一步帶動對非主流國際關係理論的思考和應用。
In 1998, with the release of Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Barry Buzan, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde broached the field of securitization studies, which in turn established the status of the Copenhagen School as a unique critical school in the discipline of International Relations. Since the introduction of the securitization approach, Western observers have applied the approach to analyze non-traditional security issues such as climate change, epidemics, terrorism and piracy. Nonetheless, the Copenhagen School has long been criticized for its Eurocentric assumptions and its functional value as a postmodern or post-positivist theory. In light of such critique and the recent call by the Western academia for “Global IR,” this study is an attempt to introduce a new framework for analyzing security issues and foreign policy through the adoption of the concept of “relationality.” In addition, through the re-integration of conflict theory and the concept of power, this study proposes a policy analytical model for examining the interaction between two actors. By examining the cases of maritime disputes in the South China Sea and the East Sea, this study demonstrates how actors (states) construct security, the securitization process and how an issue is desecuritized in the aftermath of a crisis. By reconsidering and revising the concept of securitization, this study seeks to bring more attention to the study and application of IR theories outside the traditional realm.
References

Books
Balzacq, Thierry ed. 2011. Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve. New York: Routledge.
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Book Chapters
Glasl, Friedrich. 1982. “The Process of Conflict Escalation and Roles of Third Parties.” In Gerard Bomers and Richard Peterson (eds.), Conflict Management and Industrial Relations. Hague: Springer Netherlands, 119-140.
Waever, Ole. 1995. “Securitization and Desecuritization.” In Ronnie Lipschutz (ed.), On Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 46-86.
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Journal Articles
Abu-Zahra, Nadia, Philip Leech and Leah MacNeil. 2016. “Emancipation versus Desecuritization: Resistance and the Israeli Wall in Palestine.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 31(3), 381-394.
Acharya, Amitav. 2014. “Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58(4), 647-659.
Acikmese, Sinem Akgul. 2013. “EU Conditionality and Desecuritization Nexus in Turkey.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13(3), 303-323.
Aggestam, Karin. 2015. “Desecuritisation of Water and Technocratic Turn in Peacebuilding.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 15(3), 327-340.
Aradau, Claudia. 2004. “Security and the Democratic Scene: Desecuritization and Emancipation.” Journal of International Relations and Development 7(4), 388-413.
Atland, Kristian. 2008. “Mikhail Gorbachev, the Murmansk Initiative, and the Desecuritzation of Interstate Relations in the Arctic.” Cooperation and Conflict 43(3), 289-311.
Balzacq, Thierry. 2005. “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context.” European Journal of International Relations 11(2), 171-201.
Balzacq, Thierry and Stefano Guzzini. 2015. “What Kind of Thoery – if any – is Securitization.” International Relations 29(1), 97-102.
Behnke, Andreas. 2006. “No Way Out: Desecuritization, Emancipation and the Eternal Return of the Political – A Reply to Aradau.” Journal of International Relations and Development 9(1), 62-69.
Biba, Sebastian. 2014. “Desecuritization in China’s Behavior towards Its Transboundary Rivers: the Mekong River, the Brahmaputra River and the Irtysh and Ily Rivers.” Journal of Contemporary China 23(85), 21-43.
Coskun, Bezen Balamir. 2010. “History Writing and Securitization of the Other: the Construction and Reconstruction of Palestinian and Israeli Security Discourses.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 23(2), 281-298.
Crick, Emily. 2012. “Drugs as an Existential Threat: An Analysis of the International Securitization of Drugs.” International Journal of Drug Policy 23(5), 407-414.
Curley, Melissa and Jonathan Herington. 2011. “The Securitization of Avian Influenza: International Discourses and Domestic Politics in Asia.” Review of International Studies 37(1), 141-166.
Donnelly, Faye. 2015. “The Queen’s Speech: Desecuritizing the Pasts, Present and Future of Anglo-Irish Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 21(4), 911-934.
Elbe, Stefan. 2006. “Should HIV/AIDS Be Securitized? The Ethical Dilemmas of Linking HIV/AIDS and Security.” International Studies Quarterly 50(1), 119-144.
Gad, Ulrik Pram and Karen Lund Petersen. 2011. “Concepts of Politics in Securitization Studies.” Security Dialogue 42(4/5), 315-328.
Gallegos-Paniagua, Divvio and Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez. 2011. “Securitization as a Factor of Economic Integration.” Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology 1(4).
Greenwood, Maja Touzari. 2013. “Copenhagen-Cairo on a Roundtrip: A Security Theory Meets the Revolution.” Security Dialogue 44(5/6), 485-506.
Hansen, Lene. 2000. “The Little Mermaid’s Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen School.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29(2), 285-306.
Hayes, Jarrod. 2012. “Securitization, Social Identity and Democratic Society: Nixon, India and the Ties that Bind.” International Organization 66(1), 63-93.
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Huysmans, Jef. 2000. “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 38(5), 751-777.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2013. “How New and Assertive is China’s New Assertiveness?” International Security 34(7), 7-48.
Jutila, Matti. 2006. “Desecuritizing Minority Rights: Against Determinism.” Security Dialogue 37(2), 167-185.
Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye. 1987. “Power and Interdependence Revisited.” International Organization 41(4), 725-753.
Kim, Sung-han and Geun Lee. 2011. “When Security Met Politics: Desecuritization of North Korean Threats by South Korea’s Kim Dae-jung Government.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11(1), 25-55.
Koo, Min Gyo. 2010 “US Approaches to the Trade-Security Nexus in East Asia: From Securitization to Resecuritization.” Asian Perspective 35(1), 37-57.
Liu, Tony Tai-Ting and Ren Mu. 2016. “Pivot towards China: Japan’s Renewed Security Strategy in Asia.” Japan Studies Review 20, 53-69.
Lupovici, Amir. 2014. “The Limits of Securitization Theory: Observational Criticism and the Curious Absence of Israel.” International Studies Review 16(3), 390-410.
MacKenzie, Megan. 2009. “Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone.” Security Studies 18(2), 241-261.
McDonald, Matt. 2008. “Securitization and the Construction of Security.” European Journal of International Relations 14(4), p.563-587.
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Nyman, Jonna. 2014. “Red Storm Ahead: Securitization of Energy in US-China Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43(1), 43-65.
Peoples, Columba. 2011. “The Securitization of Outer Space: Challenges for Arms Control.” Contemporary Security Policy 32(1), 76-98.
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Ulziilkham, E. 2008/2009. “Australian Refugee Discourse: ‘Case for De-securitization of Refugees’?” The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs (15/16), 108-133.
Vuori, Juha. 2010. “A Time Prophet? The Doomsday Clock as a Visualization of Securitization Moves with a Global Referent Object.” Security Dialogue 41(3), 255-277.
Williams, Michael C. 2003. “Worlds, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics.” International Studies Quarterly 47(4), 511-531.
Wishnick, Elizabeth. 2010. “Dilemmas of Securitization and Health Risk Management in the People’s Republic of China: the Cases of SARS and Avian Influenza.” Health Policy and Planning 25(6), 454-466.

Study Reports
Emmers, Ralph. 2002. “The Securitization of Transnational Crime in ASEAN.” IDSS Singapore Working Paper No.39 (November).
Fauser, Margit. 2006. “Transnational Migration – A National Security Risk? Securitization of Migration Policies in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom.” Center for International Relations report 2.
Green, Michael, Kathleen Hicks, Mark Cancian, Zack Cooper and John Schaus. 2016. Asia Pacific Rebalance 2025: Capabilities, Presence and Partnerships – An Independent Review of US Defense Strategy in the Asia-Pacific. https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/160119_Green_AsiaPacificRebalance2025_Web_0.pdf
US Department of Defense. 2015. Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy. https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/NDAA%20A-P_Maritime_SecuritY_Strategy-08142015-1300-FINALFORMAT.PDF

Official Statements
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Clinton, Hillary. 2011. “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy (November). http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2010. “Press Conference by Minister for Foreign Affairs Seiji Maehara, September 28, 2010.” http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm_press/2010/9/0928_01.html
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2010. “MOFA China Declaration, September 25, 2010” (中華人民共和國外交部聲明). Xinhua News, September 25. http://news.xinhuanet.com/2010-09/25/c_12601119.htm
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2012. “Diaoyu Islands cannot be bought,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/diaodao_665718/t970602.shtml
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2012. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin’s Regular Press Conference on July 9, 2012” (2012年7月9日外交部發言人劉為民舉行例行記者會). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/jzhsl_673025/t949146.shtml
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2012. “PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs Statement (September 10, 2012)” (中華人民共和國外交部聲明(2012年9月10日)). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/diaoyudao/chn/flfg/zcfg/t1304548.htm
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2012. “PRC Statement Regarding the Diaoyu Islands and the Baselines of Nearby Waters (September 10, 2012)” (中華人民共和國關於釣魚島及其附屬島嶼領海基線的聲明(2012年9月10日)). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/diaoyudao/chn/flfg/zcfg/t1304547.htm
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2009. “Full Text: Barack Obama’s Speech in Tokyo.” Financial Times, November 15. https://www.ft.com/content/9e985a46-d0c2-11de-af9c-00144feabdc0

Media Sources
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Yu, Runze. 2012. “Japan’s PM: Mobilize SDF for Diaoyus If Necessary.” SINA English, July 27. http://english.sina.com/world/2012/0726/490194.html
Zengerle, Patricia. 2017. “Trump’s nominee for China ambassador takes tough line on South China Sea.” Reuters, May 2. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-islands-idUSKBN17Y1R5
Zhang Yunbi. 2015. “PLA Navy Ships Send Warnings to US Side.” China Daily, October 27. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-10/27/content_22300564.htm
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Zhang, Yunbi. 2013. “Xi calls to solve ‘sensitive issues’ in China-Japan ties.” China Daily, January 26. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/2013-01/26/content_16177652.htm
Zou, Luxiao. 2015. “Two Chinese Destroyers Sent to Warn Patrolling US Warship in South China Sea.” People’s Daily, October 27. http://en.people.cn/n/2015/1027/c90000-8967676.html
2010. “China Once Again Summons Japanese Ambassador and Demands Release of Chinese Captain” (中方再次約見日駐華大使 要求放回中方漁船船長). China News, September 15. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2010/09-15/2534266.shtml
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2012. “Japan arrests pro-China activists on disputed island.” The Australian, August 16. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/japan-arrests-pro-china-activists-on-disputed-island/news-story/31eeeacaa1f81b3ea932ce7688db1bb9
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2012. “Japan Remains Vigilant over Activists, Diaoyu Island Situation May Escalate” (日方對保釣船嚴陣以待 釣魚島局勢或升級). Huanqiu News, August 14. http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2012-08/3021422.html
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2012. “Noda Calls for the Use of All National Resources for the Protection of Senkaku, Medias Surprised, China Responds Violently” (野田稱全國之力「保島」 媒體驚訝中國猛烈反擊). Huanqiu News, September 13. http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2012-09/3113627.html
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De Luce, Dan and Keith Johnson. 2016. “How FP Stumbled Into a War with China – and Lost.” Foreign Policy, January 15. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/15/how-fp-stumbled-into-a-war-with-china-and-lost/
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Panda, Ankit. 2015. “After Months of Waiting, US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China’s Man-Made Islands.” The Diplomat, October 27. http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/after-months-of-waiting-us-finally-begins-freedom-of-navigation-patrols-near-chinas-man-made-islands/
Panda, Ankit. 2016. “Return of the FONOP: US Navy Destroyer Asserts Freedom of Navigation in Paracel Islands.” The Diplomat, January 31. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/return-of-the-fonop-us-navy-destroyer-asserts-freedom-of-navigation-in-paracel-islands/
Panda, Ankit. 2017. “Rex Tillerson, Trump’s Secretary of State Nominee, Has a Dangerous Idea for the South China Sea.” The Diplomat, January 12. http://thediplomat.com/2017/01/rex-tillerson-trumps-secretary-of-state-nominee-has-a-dangerous-idea-for-the-south-china-sea/
Parameswaran, Prashanth. 2017. “Why the New Japan-Australia Military Pact Matters.” The Diplomat, January 18. http://thediplomat.com/2017/01/why-the-new-japan-australia-military-pact-matters/
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2015. “The Chinese Century.” Vanity Fair, January. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/01/china-worlds-largest-economy
Tiezzi, Shannon. 2015. “The Truth About US Freedom of Navigation Patrols in the South China Sea.” The Diplomat, September 22. http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/the-truth-about-us-freedom-of-navigation-patrols-in-the-south-china-sea/

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2012. “One Thousand Chinese Fishing Boats Arrived in Nearby Waters of the Diaoyu Islands on the Afternoon of the 17th to Operate” (中國千艘漁船17日下午已抵達釣魚島周邊海域作業). http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/detail_2012_09/19/17727988_0.shtml
2013. “Japanese Foreign Minister Urges China and Japan to Negotiate Over the Diaoyu Islands Issue” (日本外相呼籲中日談判解決釣魚島問題). http://news.qq.com/a/20130106/001063.htm
2013. “PLA Aircraft Carrier Fleet Moved Through Taiwan Strait; US, Japan and China on Close Watch” (解放軍航母艦隊穿台灣海峽 美日台電子偵測頻繁). http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2013-11-28/0917751714.html
 
 
 
 
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