:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:不完全競爭下從價與從量稅之比較
作者:周冰瑤
作者(外文):Ping-Yao Chou
校院名稱:國立中央大學
系所名稱:經濟學系
指導教授:楊志海
王光正
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:從價稅從量稅福利優越性不確定性品質差異水平異質從量補貼需求從價補貼成本從價補貼Ad Valorem and Specific TaxesWelfare SuperiorityCost and Demand UncertaintiesQuality and Horizontal DifferentiationsSpecificDemand Ad valorem and Cost Ad Valorem Subsidies
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:0
摘要
本篇論文在不完全競爭市場下,由三個不同的角度切入,探討從價稅與從量稅的優劣。
論文的第一部分為,我們在需求或成本不確定下,探討從價和從量稅之優劣。我們的研究發現: 第一,當不確定來自廠商的成本面時,無論是獨占或寡占市場,從量稅皆有可能優於從價稅;當市場趨近於完全競爭時,從量稅在福利上嚴格優於從價稅。第二,當不確定性來自市場的需求面時,在獨占和寡占市場下都得到從價稅優於從量稅;當市場趨近於完全競爭時,從量稅與從價稅等價。此部分的討論我們放在論文的第二章。
論文的第二部分為,同時考慮產品異質和成本異質的情況下,比較從價和從量稅之優劣。我們獲得以下主要結論:第一、給定產業總產量不變下,當品質差大於邊際成本差時,從量稅有可能優於從價稅;第二、除了品質差異與成本差異外,若商品間還存在水平差異,水平差異會加強從量稅的優越性(superiority),第三、無論廠商間進行Cournot或Bertrand競爭,上述兩項結果都成立。第四、當品質差大於邊際成本差時,從量稅不僅僅在福利上優於(welfare superior)從價稅,同時柏雷圖順序(Pareto Ranking)也可能反轉。此議題的探討我們放在論文的第三章。
由於補貼可以視為負的課稅,因此論文的第三部分我們探討從量補貼、需求從價補貼與成本從價補貼三種補貼政策之相對優劣。我們得到:不論在本國產業政策或出口補貼政策上,需求從價補貼政策是三種補貼政策中最差的政策;從量補貼政策與成本從價補貼政策之間的優劣則取決於規模經濟與規模不經濟。此部分的研究結果我們放在論文的第四章。
在單純的不完全競爭市場下,傳統文獻得到從價稅必定優於從量稅。然而,當考慮了(1) 存在成本不確定性,或(2) 同時存在產品異質和成本差異時,我們得到從量稅皆有可能優於從價稅。這結果與傳統文獻有很大的差異,也為現實中兩種課稅制度同時存在的現象提出一種可能的解釋。其次,在比較三種補貼研究中,我們得到需求從價補貼是三種補貼政策中最差的政策,至於成本從價補貼與從量補貼何者較好,則取決於規模經濟與規模不經濟。這結果為現實世界中從量補貼和成本從價補貼大量存在的現象提供了理論基礎。
Abstract
This dissertation consists of three independent articles in studying the superiority of an ad valorem tax over a specific tax.
First of all, we discuss the superiority between these two tax regimes in the presence of demand and cost uncertainties in chapter 2. We obtain the following main results. First, when cost uncertainty is involved, a specific tax can be superior to an ad valorem tax regardless of whether the market is monopolistic or oligopolistic. When the market is close to perfect competition, a specific tax is welfare superior to an ad valorem tax. Second, when demand uncertainty is considered, an ad valorem tax is welfare superior to a specific tax in monopoly and oligopoly markets. However, both tax regimes become equivalent when the market is approaching perfectly competitive.
Next, by taking into account product differentiation and cost difference, we examine the superiority between these two tax regimes in chapter 3 of the dissertation. The main results are derived as follows. First, given a fixed total output, a specific tax can be superior to an ad valorem tax if the quality difference is larger than the marginal-cost difference. Second, provided that products are differentiated in quality levels, in horizontal levels, and in marginal costs, a rise in the difference in horizontal levels will enhance the superiority of a specific tax over an ad valorem tax. Third, the above two results remain valid, regardless of whether the mode of competition is Cournot or Bertrand. Finally, when the difference in quality levels is larger than the difference in marginal costs, not only is a specific tax welfare superior to an ad valorem tax, but the former also Pareto dominates the latter.
Thirdly, it is well recognized that subsidy can be regard as a negative tax. Accordingly, we analyze the superiority among the specific, demand and cost ad valorem subsidies in an industrial and export policies in chapter 4 of the dissertation. Given the same total output, we show that the demand ad valorem subsidy is the least efficient policy, regardless of whether it is measured in regard to the industrial or export subsidy policy. The superiority between the specific and cost ad valorem subsidies hinges upon economies or diseconomies of scale in the industry.
Generally speaking, if the market is imperfectly competitive, the traditional result is that an ad valorem tax is superior to a specific tax. However, we show in this dissertation that while considering (1) firms with cost uncertainty, or (2) the presence of cost difference and product differentiation, a specific tax can be superior to an ad valorem tax. This result is not only sharply different from the traditional result in literature, but can also be provided as possible explanations for practical examples that a specific tax is also popular in the real world. Furthermore, we show that the demand ad valorem subsidy is the least efficient policy in the above-mentioned three subsidy regimes, while the superiority between the specific and cost ad valorem subsidies hinges upon the economies or diseconomies of scale in the industry. This result provides a theoretical rationale for the phenomenon that the specific and the demand ad valorem subsidies are popular in the real world.
References
Anderson, S.P., A. Palma, and B. Kreider (2001a), “Tax Incidence in Differential Product Oligopoly,” Journal of Public Economics, 81, 173-192.
------ (2001b), “The Efficiency of Indirect Taxes under Imperfect Competition,” Journal of Public Economics, 81, 231-251.
Aiura, H. and H. Ogawa (2013), “Unit Tax versus Ad Valorem Tax: A Tax Competition Model with Cross-border Shopping,” Journal of Public Economics, 105, 30-38.
Akai, N., H. Ogawa and Y. Ogawa (2011), “Endogenous Choice on Tax Instruments in a Tax Competition Model: Unit Tax versus Ad Valorem Tax,” International Tax and Public Finance, 18, 495-506.
Akai, N., H. Ogawa and Y. Ogawa (2014), “Endogenous Choice of Subsidy Instruments in Imperfectly Competitive Markets: A Unit Subsidy versus an Ad Valorem Subsidy,” Annals of Economics and Statistics, 113/114, 81–98.
Besley, T. (1983), “Commodity Taxation and Imperfect Competition: A Note on the Effects of Entry,” Journal of Public Economics, 40, 359-367.
Brander, J. A. and B. J. Spencer (1985), “Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry,” Journal of International Economics, 18, 83-100.
Burfisher, M. E., S. Robinson and K. Thierfelder (2002), “The Global Impacts of Farm Policy Reforms in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 84, 774-781.
Collie, D. (1993), “Strategic Trade Policy under Asymmetric Oligopoly,” European Journal of Political Economy, 9, 275-280.
Collie, D. R. (2006), “Tariffs and Subsidies under Asymmetric Oligopoly: Ad Valorem Versus Specific Instruments,” The Manchester School, 74 (3), 314-333.
Delipalla, S., and M. Keen (1992), “The Comparison between Ad Valorem and Specific Taxation under Imperfect Competition,” Journal of Public Economics, 49, 351-367.
Denicolò, V., and M. Matteuzzi (2000), “Specific and Ad Valorem Taxation in Asymmetric Cournot Oligopolies,” International Tax and Public Finance, 7, 335-342.
Droge, S., and Schroder, P. J. H. (2009), “The Welfare Comparison of Corrective Ad Valorem and Unit Taxes under Monopolistic Competition,” International Tax and Public Finance, 16, 164-175.
Eaton, J. and G. M. Grossman (1986), “Optimal Trade and Industrial Policy under Oligopoly,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101, 383-406.
Etro, F. (2014), “Optimal Trade Policy under Endogenous Foreign Entry,” Economic Record, 90, 282-300.
Goerke, L. (2011), “Commodity Tax Structure under Uncertainty in a Perfectly Competitive Market,” Journal of Economics, 103(3), 203-219.
Goerke, L., F. Herzberg and T. Upmann (2014), “Failure of Ad Valorem and Specific Tax Equivalence under Uncertainty,” International Journal of Economic Theory, 10, 387-402.
Grazzini, L. (2006), “A Note on Ad Valorem and Per Unit Taxation in an Oligopoly Model,” Journal of Economics, 89, 59-74.
Häckner, J. (2000), “A Note on Price and Quantity Competition in Differentiated Oligopolies,” Journal of Economic Theory, 93, 233-239.
Hamilton, S. F. (1999), “The Comparative Efficiency of Ad Valorem and Specific Taxes under Monopoly and Monopsony,” Economics Letters, 63, 235-238.
Hsu, J., and X.H. Wang (2005), “On Welfare under Cournot and Bertrand Competition in Differentiated Oligopolies,” Review of Industrial Organization, 27, 185-191.
Hwang, H., K. Miyagiwa and K.Y. Wong (1997), “Strategic Export Subsidies under a Budget Constraint: Ad Valorem versus Specific,” Journal of Economic Integration, 12, 87-98.
Hwang, H., C. C. Mai and Y. P. Yang (2015), “Specific vs. Ad Valorem Strategic Export Subsidies with Taxation Distortion,” Review of Development Economics, 19 (4), 820-828.
Josling, T., D. Blandford and J. Earley (2010), “Biofuel and Biomass Subsidies in the U.S., EU and Brazil: Towards a Transparent System of Notification,” International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council (IPC) Position Paper, 1-48.
Kotsogiannis, C. and K. Serfes (2014), “The Comparison of Ad Valorem and Specific Taxation under Uncertainty,” Journal of Public Economic Theory, 16, 48-68.
Kay, J. A., M J. Keen (1983), “How Should Commodities Be Taxed?: Market Structure, Product Heterogeneity and the Optimal Structure of Commodity Taxes,” European Economic Review, 23, 339-358.
Lockwood, B. (2004), “Competition in Unit vs. Ad Valorem Taxes,” International Tax and Public Finance, 11, 763-772.
Nassar, A. M., and D. Ures, (2009), “Brazil: Shadow WTO Agricultural Domestic Support Notification,” IFPRI Discussion Paper, no. 865.
Pirttila, J. (2002), “Specific versus Ad Valorem Taxation and Externalities,” Journal of Economics, 76, 177-187.
Schröder, P.J.H. (2004), “The Comparison Between Ad Valorem and Unit Taxes under Monopolistic Competition,” Journal of Economics, 83, 281-292.
Singh, N., and X. Vives (1984), “Price and Quantity Competition in a Differentiated Duopoly,” Rand Journal of Economics, 15, 546-554.
Skeath, S.E., and G.A. Trandel (1994a), “A Pareto Comparison of Ad Valorem and Unit Taxes in Noncompetitive Environments,” Journal of Public Economics, 53, 53-71.
Skeath, S.E., and G.A. Trandel (1994b), “Pareto-superior Trade Policy,” Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 3, 277-288.
Suits, D.B., and R.A. Musgrave (1953), “Ad Valorem and Unit Taxes Compared,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 67, 598-604.
Valido, J., M. P. Socorro, A. Hernandez and O. Betancor (2014), “Air Transport Subsidies for Resident Passengers When Carriers Have Market Power,” Transportation Research Part E, 70, 388-399.
Valido, J., M. P. Socorro, A. Hernandez and O. Betancor (2014), “Air Transport Subsidies for Resident Passengers When Carriers Have Market Power,” Transportation Research Part E, 70, 388-399.
Wang, X.H., and J. Zhao (2009), “On the Efficiency of Indirect Taxes in Differentiated Oligopolies with Asymmetric Costs,” Journal of Economics, 96, 223-239.
Yang, C. W. (1989), “A Note on the Musgravian Transformation,” Eastern Economic Journal, 15, 229-234.
Yang, C. W. (1993), “Taxation and the Output and Welfare of Third-degree PriceDiscrimination,” Southern Economic Journal, 59, 371-384.
Zanchettin, P. (2006), “Differentiated Duopoly with Asymmetric Costs,” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 15, 999-1015.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
QR Code
QRCODE