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題名:台灣廠商之創新、對外投資和勞動雇用策略及對生產力影響
作者:林珈伶
作者(外文):Lin, Chia Ling
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:經濟學系
指導教授:林世昌
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:研發創新對外投資勞動生產力總要素生產力勞動雇用金融危機縮編R&DInnovationFDILabor productivityTFPOEMFinancial crisisDownsize
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本文第一章以台灣製造業廠商為例,利用傳統的CDM模型探討廠商進行產品創新和製程創新之間是否具有互補性及對企業之總要素生產力成長率和勞動生產力成長率的影響。此外,由於台灣多數企業屬於OEM廠商,第一章特地針對OEM廠商和非OEM廠商分別探討兩群之差異。研究發現,製程創新能有效提高製造業廠商的勞動生產力成長率及總要素生產力成長率。此外,對OEM廠商而言,產品創新和製程創新間存在互補性,但對其他企業並無此特性。
近年來,企業對外投資行為日益蓬勃,部分企業為了尋求成本更低的勞動或土地,部分企業則為了拓展當地市場或就近服務顧客。然而,企業對外投資是否影響本國就業?第二章利用2008年至2012年台灣的製造業和服務業廠商數據,研究廠商對外投資行為對本國就業的影響,尤其針對管理階層和研發人員的衝擊進行了解。我們發現,對外投資將減少本國就業,特別是對中國大陸投資。然而,對外投資將增加對本國經理人員之需求,對研發人員則無顯著影響。
2008年,雷曼兄弟破產引發全球金融危機,許多企業選擇縮編的方式度過危機,包括減少人力雇用和其他費用支出;但也有部分企業選擇持續投入研發或創新活動以維持企業成長力。因此,第三章主要探討面對金融危機,台灣製造業廠商勞動雇用和研發策略之決定因素及對生產力的影響。本文結果發現,在金融風暴時期,廠商選擇減少勞動雇用並增加研發投資作為因應。然而,減少勞動雇用並不能顯著提升企業之生產力或營收,唯有增加勞動雇用才能提高總要素生產力;反觀研發支出增減並未對生產力有顯著影響。
Taiwan has gone through a vast industrial transformation. To reflect the impacts of innovation on firm's performance, in chapter 1 we adopt a modified CDM (Crepon et al., 1998) model to solve the selection bias and endogeneity problem among R&D, innovation and productivity, and focus on the innovation activities of Taiwanese manufacturing firms, especially on the comparison between OEM and non-OEM. Our findings suggest that considering the whole sample, only process innovation will improve both TFP growth and labor productivity growth. However, there exists a complementary relationship between product and process innovation on productivity only among OEM.
Taiwanese industries have started outward foreign investment since 1959, and the government has deregulated the investment to China since 1990. By the end of 2013, the accumulated investment to China surpassed the amount of outward investment (China excluded). However, the average unemployment rate has been rising steadily after 1995. In chapter 2, we adopt Taiwanese firm level data from 2008 to 2012 to examine the effects of outward investment on employment, and whether outward investment causes different impacts on managerial staff and R&D employees. Our findings show that investment in China will significantly decrease the domestic employment, but it will increase the employment of domestic manager. However, the effects of investment on R&D employee and service sector are not significant.
Many Taiwanese manufacturing firms choose employment downsizing to survive the financial crisis in 2008, while some companies choose to adjust their R&D investment plans. The aim of chapter 3 is to realize how a firm generates its employment and R&D strategies, especially when facing market uncertainties, and how these strategies affect its productivity or profits. We first use correlated random effect to find out the determinants of a firm's employment and R&D decisions. Then we adopt first order stochastic dominance test to compare the firm's performance distributions. At the final stage, we use traditional OLS to estimate the productivity premium model. Our results show that financial crisis does significantly decrease labor employment and have positive impacts on R&D intensity. However, only increasing labor employment during the financial crisis significantly improves a firm's TFP and sales.
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