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題名:高齡者對交通標誌視認性之研究
作者:莊育鑫
作者(外文):Chuang, Yu-Hsing
校院名稱:國立雲林科技大學
系所名稱:設計學研究所
指導教授:李傳房
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:高齡者警告標誌視認度可變資訊標誌字體ElderlyWarning SignsRecognitionFontVariable Message System
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隨著醫學科技進步及生活品質的提昇,致使人口結構逐漸朝向高齡化的趨勢發展,須重視高齡者的需求;其中,高齡者對於交通工具的需求愈來愈高。然而,不當的標誌設計不僅影響一般駕駛者,對於高齡者的影響更甚,尤其在外在環境的干擾之下,如:雨天、霧氣、夜間、不同色溫等條件因素的影響下,常造成交通標誌的視認性不佳,致使未能在最短的時間內對於路況做出即時反應,而造成交通意外事故。
本研究希望藉由警告標誌及可變資訊標誌視認性的探討,瞭解高齡受測者對交通標誌的視認能力及當交通標誌受到不同環境條件的干擾時,對高齡者視認性的影響。本研究主要目的在探討高齡者對交通標誌視認性的影響,研究方法採受測者於實驗室透過顯示器接受模擬測試,紀錄受測者對標誌視認的最小絕對閾值。本研究依標誌的類別,劃分為兩大研究範疇,說明如下:
範疇一:為高齡者對警告型交通標誌視認性之研究,其中包含:
1. 探討高齡者對不同符號類型警告標誌之視認度,其目的在探討警告標誌中「意表符號」和「象形符號」的標誌對高齡者的視認度及探討高齡者和一般受測者兩者之視認差異性。
2. 探討高齡者對警告標誌於不同環境之視認度,目的在探討不同環境條件,如一般、下雨、起霧及傍晚對高齡者視認警告標誌之影響,以及探討「意表符號」及「象形符號」警告標誌在受環境因素的影響下何者有助於高齡者視認。另比對高齡者和一般受測者兩者之視認差異。
範疇二:為多變資訊系統於不同環境中之視認性研究,其中包含:
1. 探討高齡者對可變資訊標誌之字體在不同環境中之視認度,目的在探討可變資訊標誌中不同的中文點陣字體於明暗背景下對高齡者的視認性及可變資訊標誌中不同字體受不同環境因素,如:下雨、黃昏色溫、起霧等因素,對高齡者造成視認度的影響。另外,探討可變資訊標誌中不同文字間距及行距對高齡者在視認上的影響。
2. 探討高齡者對可變資訊標誌的文字色彩於不同環境中之視認度,目的在研究探討駕駛者對於可變式資訊系統字體色彩的視認值,實驗條件包括:模擬不同明暗的可變式資訊系統背景色、黃昏低色溫環境、起霧的環境、日照及夜間環境等條件,另外比較一般及高齡駕駛者對可變式資訊系統不同文字色彩的視認能力差異。
除藉由以上研究問題探討,了解高齡者對上述交通標誌之視認能力外,並比對現有警告標誌是否符合交通部所公布的最小安全停車視距及可變資訊標誌是否符合理想的視認距離,最後更針對視認度不良的交通標誌,提出理想的標誌設置距離及加大標誌尺寸之建議,以縮減高齡者視認交通標誌之時間,進而降低高齡者行車事故的發生機率。
本實驗採實驗室模擬,量測受測者對於交通標誌之視認角度,採用閾值的量測法為極限法 (Method of Limits)中的下絕對閾值(lower absolute threshold)。透過將視角轉換成視認距離以了解現有警告標誌及可變資訊標誌是否符理想視認距離。
在高齡者對警告標誌的視認度實驗結果顯示,高齡者駕駛對警告標誌的視認能力遠低於一般駕駛者,高齡族群的視認角度大於一般使用者約1.6倍,另外,「意表符號」的警告標誌視認度高於「象形符號」警告標誌。而當行車速度為時速90公里時,所有標誌均無法達到交通部所規範的最小安全停車距離。在所實驗的環境中,傍晚環境的視認度最差,其次為起霧環境。
另外,在高齡者對可變資訊標誌的視認實驗結果得知,對於一般受測者而言,中圓及中黑體視認性較佳,而對高齡者而言,中圓及中楷體視認性較佳,適度增加文字間距及行距可提升其視認性,現有紅色文字色彩之可變資訊標誌在白色文字背景的視認性高於黑色背景,在兩實驗族群在所有實驗變項中,均呈顯著性差異,高齡受測者僅為一般受測者約二分之一的視認能力。現今標準紅色文字的視認度不佳,倘若以黑色為文字背景,以黃色的視認度最佳,藍色最差,紅色次差;若以白色為底,則結果相反。視認角度主要受明暗對比的影響。此外,各種文字色彩在白色背景的平均認度低於黑色背景,而在夜間環境視認度高於日照環境。高齡者在多數實驗中未能達到理想視認距離,尤其以霧氣環境中最為嚴重。
This research aims to investigate the visual recognition ability of elderly subjects and elders’ recognition abilities while the traffic signs are influenced by environmental conditions. The research was conducted using lab simulation in order to observe wheteher the drivers could recognize the information displayed on the Variable Message System, which records the minimum absolute threshold of signs recognition. This study based on sign types, is divided into two major research areas, as follows:
Category 1: A study of the visualization of warning traffic signs on the elders, which includes:
1. Exploring the elders’ recognition level of different warning signs. The purpose is to examine the recognition of “ideograms" and "pictograms" in warning signs, and to examine the difference between both elderly and ordinary subjects.
2. Exploring the elders’ recognition level when exposing warning signs to different conditions. The objective is to examine the impact of different environmental conditions, such as sunny, rainy, foggy and in the evening. Also, to explore which "ideograms" and "pictograms" allow the elders to recognize the warning signs under the influence of these environmental factors. Finally, compare the differences between the elderly and ordinary subjects.
Category 2: A study on the Variable Message System using different conditions which includes:
1. Exploring the elders’ recognition level when fonts in variable message signs are exposed to different conditions. The objective is to examine the influence in the elders’ recognition level when Chinese bitmap-fonts are exposed to bright or dark backgrounds, and the impact it may cause in the elders’ recognition level when utilizing different fonts in different environmental conditions, such as: rain, dusk’s color temperature, fog, etc. Furthermore, explore the visual impact in the elderly caused by variable message signs with different text spacing.
2. Exploring the elders’ recognition level of colored changeable message signs in different conditions. The objective is to examine the driver’s perceived value of colored fonts in the VMS. The experimental conditions include: different shades of color as background, sunset’s low color temperature conditions, foggy conditions, sunshine and night environment, etc. In addition, compare the differences of distinct text color recognition of the elderly and ordinary subjects on the VMS.
Besides the research above, of understanding the elders’ ability to recognize traffic signs, we compared whether the existing warning signs tally the regulations of the required minimum sight distances announced by the MOTC (Ministry of Transportation and Communications, R.O.C.); and whether the changeable message signs meet the ideal recognition distances, in order to pose a proposal to reduce the time required by the elderly to identify traffic signs, such as signs’ distances and size increase, with the purpose of decreasing the probability of elderly driving accidents.
The results show that elders’ capacities are indeed poorer than the ordinary subjects'. The average visual angle of the elderly group was about 1.6 times bigger than the ordinary group's. In addition, ideograms were better recognized by all subjects compared to the pictograms. At a speed limit of 90 km/hr, the minimum distance for recognizing all signs was not satisfactory. During the experiment, the worst recognition level was in the evening environment, followed by the fog environment.
Futhermore, results show that the Chinese font “Zhong-Yuan” and “Zhong-Hei” were easily recognized by the ordinary subjects, while for the elderly it was “Zhong-Yuan” and “Zhong-Kai”. It appears that larger text spacing or row spacing could enhance recognition; also a white background is better than a black one. As for the recognition of the VMS between these two groups, significant differences were observed. The information recognized by the elderly was only half of the ordinary subjects’ one. Currently, the standardized red text recognition level is poor if the background is black. Yellow font on black background is the best recognized one; blue font is the worst one. Therefore, red font is better than blue font. However, when the background is white, the results are the opposite. The recognition levels are affected by contrast and brightness. Moreover, the recognition is better during night conditions than day conditions. In most of the experiments, the elders failed to achieve the ideal visual distance, the worst results were particularly in fog conditions.
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