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題名:艾伍士《康科德奏鳴曲》中音樂借用之研究與詮釋探討
作者:游適伃
作者(外文):YU, SHIH-YU
校院名稱:國立臺北藝術大學
系所名稱:音樂學系碩(博)士班
指導教授:王美齡
馬定一
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2018
主題關鍵詞:艾伍士音樂借用第二號鋼琴奏鳴曲康科德康科德奏鳴曲愛默生霍桑奧爾柯特梭羅Charles IvesMusical BorrowingSecond Piano SonataConcordConcord SonataEmersonHawthorneAlcottThoreau
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查爾斯•艾伍士 (Charles E. Ives, 1874-1954) 是美國藝術音樂史上最重要的作曲家之一,其作品不但具有高度的原創性,他實驗性的創作概念更遠遠走在時代前端,預示了許多二十世紀音樂創作技巧上的發展,包括自由運用不和諧音、複調性與多重節奏等,使他成為美國藝術音樂創作的先鋒。艾伍士作品的精神根植於美國本土的民歌、讚美詩歌與流行音樂,且以「音樂借用」(Musical Borrowing) 的方式呈現於其作品中。
「音樂借用」是艾伍士創作中最獨特且最重要的技巧之一,其借用音樂的來源相當廣泛,包括讚美詩歌、愛國歌曲、流行歌曲、古典藝術作品以及艾伍士自己的作品等,其借用手法主要以對旋律的借用為主,但並非只是單純的引用,更常是將這些借用旋律進行改寫並作為整部作品的創作基礎。本論文以他最重要的鋼琴作品——《第二號鋼琴奏鳴曲:康科德、麻薩諸塞,1840-1860》(Piano Sonata No.2: Concord, Mass., 1840-1860) 作為研究對象,探討艾伍士是如何在這首精采的作品中使用「音樂借用」的技巧,以及如何詮釋這首艱深的鋼琴作品。
本論文首先對艾伍士其人作全面的認識,包括生平、創作背景、創作思維與風格、以及他創作的理論基礎等。在對艾伍士有基本了解後,接著探討《康科德奏鳴曲》的創作背景與標題意義。由於《康科德奏鳴曲》是艾伍士表達對居住於康科德鎮的四位十九世紀新英格蘭「超驗主義」(Transcendentalism) 思想家的景仰——包括愛默生 (Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-82)、霍桑 (Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-64)、奧爾柯特 (Bronson Alcott, 1799-1888) 以及梭羅 (Henry David Thoreau, 1817-62) 四位,因此論文中會對「超驗主義」與四位哲人作簡單的介紹,並探討其在《康科德奏鳴曲》中所代表的意義。在對背景知識有充分掌握後,接著進入《康科德奏鳴曲》主題「人類信仰旋律」(human-faith-melody) 和九首借用的樂曲來源之「音樂借用」分析,最後再依以上研究成果進行整首樂曲之詮釋探討,以期對艾伍士這首膾炙人口的作品,略盡推廣與介紹之意。
Charles E. Ives (1874-1954) is one of the most distinctive composers of American art-music history. His music are highly original, and his experimental concepts are going far ahead of times. His technical procedures anticipated some of the developments of twentieth-century music: such as free dissonance, polytonality, and polyrhythm, and these skills are of great influence to younger generations of American musicians. The spirit of Ives's works is deeply rooted in American native songs, hymns and popular music, which were uesd by Charles Ives as "musical borrowing" materials in a great amount of his works.
"Musical Borrowing" is one of the most characteristic and central facet of Ive's music. His Piano Sonata No.2: Concord, Mass., 1840-1860, the most prominent piano work of Ives's, will be the research target of this essay. This essay will be taken from the perspective of analysis of musical borrowing in Concord Sonata, and explore the interpretation of this difficult piece. The borrowed melodies from American hymns, patriotic songs, popular songs, classical art-music and his own music pervade Ive's Concord Sonata. Usually, the borrowed materials were not simply quotations, but most often the very starting point and basis of the composition.
This essay starts with the basic understanding of Charles Ives, including his life, career, his thoughts, style, and composing theories of his works. After that, because each of four movements of Concord Sonata bears a title, they are names associated with New England Transcendentalism—Emerson, Hawthorne, the Alcotts, and Thoreau (they all lived in Concord), and Ives expressed his admiration to these four figures through the music of Concord Sonata. Consequently, the essay proceeds brief introductions of Transcendentalism and four philosophers, and their implications in Concord Sonata. After the basic understanding of Charles Ives and Concord Sonata, this research analyzes the use of "musical borrowing" of the Sonata's musical theme " human-faith-melody" and other nine existing tunes borrowed in Concord Sonata. Finally is the discussion of interpretation depending on the above research results of Concord Sonata. Hopefully, the Study will arouse some interest to this great work.
參考文獻

一、外文專書

Block, Geoffrey. Ives: Concord Sonata: Piano Sonata no.2 ("Concord, Mass., 1840-1860"). Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Block, Geoffrey and J. Peter Burkholder, eds.. Charles Ives and the Classical Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.

Boatwright, Howard, ed.. Essays Before a Sonata, The Majority, and Other Writings. New York: W. W. Norton, 1970.

Burkholder, J. Peter. All Made of Tunes: Charles Ives and the Uses of Musical Borrowing. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

_______. ed.. Charles Ives and His World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996.

_______. Charles Ives: The Ideas Behind the Music. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Cone, Edward T.. Musical Form and Musical Performance. New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.

Cowell, Henry, and Sydney Cowell. Charles Ives and His Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955; rev., 2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1969; reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1983.

Feder, Stuart. Charles Ives: "My Father`s Song": A Psychoanalytic Biography. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.

Gann, Kyle. Charles Ives's Concord: Essays After a Sonata. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2017.

Gordon, Stewart. A History of Keyboard Literature: Music for the Piano and Its Forerunners. Belmont, USA: Schirmer, 1996.

Henderson, Clayton W.. The Charles Ives Tunebook. Bibliographies in American Music Number 14. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press, 1990.

Hitchcock, H. Wiley. Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974.

Ives, Charles E.. Memos. Edited by John Kirkpatrick. New York: W. W. Norton, 1972; reprint, 1991.

_______. Selected Correspondence of Charles Ives. Edited by Tom C. Owens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

Kirby, F. E.. Music For Piano: A Short History. New Jersey: Amadeus Press, LLC. 1995, reprint 1997, 2000, 2004.

Lambert, Philip. The Music of Charles Ives. Composers of the 20th Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.

_______. ed.. Ives Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Magee, Gayle Sherwood. Charles Ives Reconsidered. Music in American Life. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

Mellers, Wilfrid. Music in a New Found Land: Themes and Developments in the History of American Music. London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1964; rev. 2nd ed., 1987.

Meyer, Leonard B.. Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956.

Perlis, Vivian. Charles Ives Remembered: An Oral History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974; reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. Reprint edition with a foreword by J. Peter Burkholder. Music in American Life. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002.

Perry, Rosalie Sandra. Charles Ives and the American Mind. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1974.

Rossiter, Frank. Charles Ives and His America. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1980.

Starr, Larry. A Union of Diversities. New York: Schirmer Books, 1992.

Swafford, Jan. Charles Ives: A Life with Music. New York: Norton, 1996.


二、外文期刊論文

Ballantine, Christopher. "Charles Ives and the Meaning of Quotation in Music." The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Apr. 1979): 167-184.

Bellamann, Henry. "Charles Ives: The Man and His Music." Musical Quarterly xix, 1933.

_______. "Reviews: 'Concord, Mass., 1840-1860 (A Piano Sonata by Charles Ives)." Double Dealer 2 (October 1921): 166-169.

Bruhn, Christopher. "The Transitive Multiverse of Charles Ives's "Concord" Sonata." The Journal of Musicology, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Spring 2001): 166-194.

Burkholder, J. Peter. "Quotation and Emulation: Charles Ives's Uses of His Models." The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 71, No.1 (1985): 1-26.

_______. "The Evolution of Charles Ives's Music: Aesthetics, Quotation, Technique." Ph. D. diss., University of Chicago, 1983

_______. "The Organist in Ives." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No.2 (Summer, 2002) : 255-310.

_______. "The Uses of Existing Music: Musical Borrowing as a Field." Notes, Second Series, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Mar. 1994): 851-870.

Carter, Elliott. "The Case of Mr. Ives." Modern Music 16 (March-April 1939): 172-76.

Clark, Sondra Rae. "The Element of Choice in Ives's 'Concord Sonata'." The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 60, No.2 (Apr. 1974): 167-186.

Copland, Aaron. "One Hundred and Fourteen Songs." MM, XI (January-February 1934): 59-64.

Dickinson, Peter. "A New Perspective for Ives." The Musical Times, Vol. 115, No.1580 (Oct. 1974): 836-838.

Feder, Stuart. "Decoration Day: A Boyhood Memory of Charles Ives." The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 66, No.2 (Apr. 1980): 234-261.

Gann, Kyle. "What is the Concord Sonata?" Arts Journal, 3 Apr. 2014.

Gilman, Lawrence. "Music: A Masterpiece of American Music Heard Here for the First Time." The New York Herald Tribune (21 January 1939): 9.

Kolodin, Irving. "Pianist Plays Work By Ives: John Kirkpatrick Gives Town Hall Recital." New York Sun, 21 Jan. 1939. Charles Ives and His World, 321-322.

Kramer, A. Walter. "A Pseudo-Literary Sonata!!!" Musical America 33 (April 2, 1921): 36.

Marshall, Dennis. "Charles Ives's Quotations: Manner or Substance?" Perspective of New Music, Vol. 6, No.2 (Spring - Summer, 1968): 45-56.

Rosenfeld, Paul. "Ives' Concord Sonata." Modern Music 16/2 (Jan-Feb 1939): 109-112.

"Amusements: The German Dramatic Association." Danbury Evening News (17 January 1888): 3.

"Concord Unconquered." Musical Courier 82 (April 28, 1921) : 22.

"Insurance Man." Time 33, no.5 (30 Jan. 1939): 44-45.

三、中文與譯文書目

梭羅,《湖濱散記》,孔繁雲譯。台北:志文出版社。民國73年,77年再版。

梭羅,《湖濱散記》,吳明實譯。台北:台灣英文雜誌社有限公司出版,民79年。

陳長房,《梭羅與中國》。台北:三民書局股份有限公司,民國80年。

陳波,《愛默生》,傅偉勳/韋政通主編。台北:東大圖書股份有限公司,民88年。

張愛玲,《愛默森選集》。台北:皇冠文學出版有限公司,1992年。

彭聖錦,《鋼琴演奏與風格》。台北:雙木林出版社有限公司,民85年。

赫洛德•荀伯格,《現代樂派》,陳琳琳譯。台北:萬象圖書股份有限公司,1994。

Bernstein, Leonard.〈論美國音樂如何吸收種族成分〉,《伯恩斯坦創見集》,林元譯。台北:智庫股份有限公司,1996年初版,2015年再版。

Kamien, Roger.《音樂認識與欣賞》,王美珠等譯。台北:美商麥格羅•希爾國際股份有限公司台灣分公司,2005年。

Levitin, Daniel J..《迷戀音樂的腦》,王心瑩譯。台北:大家出版,2013。


四、中文期刊論文

石磊。〈論艾夫斯《第二鋼琴奏鳴曲康科德》〉。中國黑龍江省:《北方音樂》,第十一期,2009年,頁14-23。

黃雅蘭。〈艾伍士康寇爾奏鳴曲的音樂風格與意念〉。國立臺北藝術大學音樂學組在職專班碩士論文,2005年。

曾子嘉。〈從《康科德奏鳴曲》探討艾伍士的音樂創作與思維〉。國立臺灣師範大學音樂研究所碩士論文,2006年。

趙慶輝。〈《康科德奏鳴曲》與愛默生〉。中國天津:《天津音樂學院學報》,第二期,2004年,頁77-81。

劉洋洋。〈試論查爾斯•艾夫斯創作歷程、創作手法與風格特徵〉。中國呼倫貝爾:《呼倫貝爾學院學報》,第十六卷第三期,2008年,頁47-52。

Schonberg, Harold. 〈美國作曲家—艾伍士〉,李鴛英譯。《全音音樂文摘》,第十卷第一期,頁100-107。台北市:全音音樂文摘雜誌社,1986年。


五、網路資源

Burkholder, J. Peter. "Borrowing." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2240263.

_______. "Borrowing in American Music." The Grove Dictionary of American Music, 2nd ed., 25 July 2013.
https://doi-org.dbs.tnua.edu.tw/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A224026.

_______. et al. "Ives, Charles." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Nov. 2016.

Thiemel, Matthias. "Accent", New Grove Online, Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 25 July 2013.
https://doi-org.dbs.tnua.edu.tw/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00098.

六、樂譜

Ives, Charles. Piano Sonata No.2, "Concord," with the Essays Before a Sonata. Introduction by Stephen Drury. New York, Dover Publications, INC., 2012.

_______. Piano Sonata No.2, "Concord Mass., 1840-1860", second edition, Associated Music Publishers, Inc., 1947.

 
 
 
 
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