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題名:自然法的形上基礎—從「人作為天主的肖像」到「愛是法律的滿全」
作者:余淑娟
作者(外文):YU, SHU-CHUAN
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:潘小慧
金毓瑋
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:自然法永恆法人是天主的肖像三位一體位格羅馬法自由意志愛德十誡新約法律Natural lawEternal lawImage of GodTrinityPersonRoman lawFree willCharityTen CommandmentsNew Testament
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自然法(Natural Law, lex naturalis)在人類思想歷史上扮演著一個重要的角色,它被認為是一項由神所創造及頒布,相符於宇宙萬物的真理。自然法不以文字形式呈現,因為它是「神刻在人心中的法律」,所以它凌駕於習慣法與人為法之上,具有普遍適用性、不變性及永恆性。然而,雖然我們說它是自明的,但是它又往往被人類的愚昧及欲望所蒙蔽,使我們看不清楚它的真實面貌。實證法學家因此而攻擊它,認為它是一套充滿含混曖昧的道德理論,使自然法逐漸在法理學上失去其崇高的地位。然而矛盾的是,當社會上出現法律爭議時,自然法又必須如同「機器神」(Deus ex machina) 一樣出場來解決人為法律的爭端。因此,為了使自然法恢復其崇高的法律地位,本論文從自然法的形上基礎,即人的主體性、人的行為,以及法律的本質逐一探討,以期還自然法一個清晰的面貌。
本文首先由歷史沿革探討自然法的在人類歷史上的發展過程,以期了解自然法如何由早期社會的神律、習慣法等抽象概念,逐步形成具有成文法規範的羅馬法與教會法,進而成為近代人們爭取自由平等的「自然權利」,以及當代復興自然法的過程。由於一切的法律均以「人」為中心,因此本論文的第一個主題著重於探討人的形上意義。「人」,因為是「天主的肖像」,所以分享了天主的理性與智慧,故能理解自然法並以此訂定人為法律。而人所具有的「位格」,使人成為一個有尊嚴、自主與自由的個人,具有行使法律的主體。本文的第二個主題「人的行為」,由人的靈魂深入探討人的本性、自由意志以及自然傾向的行為,以其真正了解人行為背後的依據。本文最後一個主題探討法律的本質,首先從語源學角度了解「法律」的意義,然後討論它的性質及功能,並且藉由西塞羅的思想,展開人為法律源自於自然法的討論。然而,不管是因命令而成的法律,或是因正義而成的法律,都無法滿全天主要藉著自然法所給予人的恩寵,因此本論文最終所要表達的論述是:愛是法律的滿全。
Natural law plays an important role in human history, it is thought as an eternal, universal and unchangeable law created and craved in our mind by God, but never presents itself by scripted letters. It is always deceived by the fatuity and desires of men in spite that natural law is claimed as self-evident. Legal positivists then attack it as an indistinct moral theory, however, when there comes any debate in human laws, natural law shall show up as Deus ex machina to provide a solution. With the aim of reinstating the revered position of natural law, this dissertation emphasizes the survey on the metaphysical themes of men’s subject, men’s behaviors, and essence of law, expects to restore a distinct appearance and eliminate hesitation of natural law from modern jurists and people.
This dissertation starts from the study of historical development of natural law, with the purpose to understand how natural law transfers its abstract concept in divine rule to the statutory Roman law and canon law, and goes further to “natural right” in Modern age, and its renew growth in Contemporary era. In virtue of “men as the subject of law”, the first topic we attempt to find out the metaphysical meaning of “man”. Inasmuch as men are the “image of God”, they participate reason and wisdom in God, are capable to comprehend natural law then establish human law. Furthermore, a man with his “person”, he is independent and free to be the subject of laws. The second topic “Man’s behavior”, we deal with the survey on soul for profound understanding of men’s nature, free-will and natural inclination of behaviors. The last topic “the essence of law”, we investigate the denotation of law from etymology and its character and function. By Cicero’s thinking it concludes that natural law is the root of human law. Nevertheless, neither decrees as law, nor justices as law can complete the grace what God wishes to give us. Consequently, the final statement of this dissertation is “Love that fulfills the law”.
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