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題名：城市公共開放空間品質系統改善之混合多屬性決策模型
作者：朱柏葳
作者(外文)：ZHU, BO-WEI
校院名稱：國立臺北大學
系所名稱：都市計劃研究所
指導教授：曾國雄
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2019
主題關鍵詞：城市公共開放空間；品質；系統改善策略；多屬性決策模型；Public open space；quality；systematic improvement strategies；caption evaluation method；D-DANP-mV model
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城市人口日益快速增長和高速城市化進程給現有的城市公共開放空間帶來了巨大的挑戰。近年來，大量的研究致力於建立一個更好的證據基礎，以證明高質量的城市公共開放空間的益處及對整個社會的經濟、環境和社會價值。隨著這些證據的挖掘，城市公共開放空間被認為是有能力對都市地區的一些關鍵議程作出積極貢獻，這些議題包括公共衛生、社會包容、都市行銷、都市更新等。值得注意的是，在這些議題發展的基礎上出現了一些關於品質提升的新議題。例如，如何合理分配資源以提高城市公共開放空間的品質，或者在「綠色仕紳化」議題中的關於「僅綠就好(just green enough)」的主張，建議城市公共開放空間品質應該得到分期漸進的、系統的改善。
在城市公共開放空間系統改善的訴求下，本研究檢視了目前制定改善策略不同階段所常用的方法，發現幾個問題。第一，鮮有人討論在建立評價框架時要採用何種數據來源(原始來源數據或者次級來源數據)通常有什麼樣的判別機制；第二，在利用原始數據建立評價框架的階段，一些常用的評價方法往往存在一些局限性，如回憶偏差、社會期望偏差或研究者解釋偏差等；第三，在準則權重訓練階段，常用的方法都是建立在準則是彼此獨立的假設基礎上，這樣的假設可能不大符合真實世界的實際情況，即問題所涉及的準則之間往往存在著相互影響關係。從系統改善的角度看，這些方法可能面臨着一些挑戰，即最終確定的改善優序是否是影響根源項，而這將影響資源分配的有效性。因此，面對以上問題，本文的研究目的是在釐清評價框架建立問題中的數據源選擇機制的基礎上，提出一種將字幕評估法(CEM)與多屬性決策模型(即D-DANP-mV 模型)相結合的混合決策模型，以期為城市公共開放空間品質提升制定系統改善策略提供有效的工具。
本文澳門本島的城市公共開放空間進行了實證研究，以展示新的混合模型的優越性。第一，使用CEM在一系列需要以旅客吸引為目標進行品質改善的城市公共開放空間中展開了數據搜集工作，獲得了一個用戶偏好資料庫，它包含1790張圖片數據以及每張照片上附有的文字評價數據。第二，用於辨認準則間影響關係和訓練影響權重的DEMATELL資料庫，是通過9位專家的價值判斷資料的收集建立的。第三，用於計算績效表現上的間隙值的VIKOR資料庫是由從36個用戶志願者那裏搜集到的回饋數據而建立的。通過對第一個數據集中數據的分析，建立了一個包含14個準則的評估框架；通過對第二個數據集數據的分析，確定了評價標準的影響網路關係圖(INRM)和影響權重；通過對第三個數據集數據的分析，得到了每個準則的間隙值和案例整體的間隙值。綜合考量這三部分的分析結果，進而可以建立城市開放空間品質改善的策略。結果表明，新建框架中的新標準與從之前從次級源數據中建立的初始框架中的準則有些許不同，而新建立的評價框架更適用於在旅客吸引目標下的澳門城市公共開放空間改善狀況。研究結果還表明，使用新模型的得出改善優序與在其他「頭痛醫頭」思路指導下獲得的改善優序是有差別的，而新模型可以為城市公共開放空間品質總體系統改善提供更有建設性和前瞻性的資源分配和利用的方法。
本研究為決策者提供了一種綜合、實用的方法模型，用於城市公共開放空間品質系統地微觀干預，其優越性是運用該模型從整體上找到準則改善優序以及各準則改善上的影響關係，從而在合理配置資源的前提下，為城市公共開放空間品質的改善制定系統的、適合在地的改進策略。
The rapid urbanization and burgeoning populations have created enormous challenges to existing urban public open spaces (POSs). In recent years, a great deal of research has been devoted to establishing an improved evidence base on the benefits of good quality POS and its economic, environmental and social value to society. Through such evidence, POS was recognized as having the ability to contribute positively to some of the key agendas in urban areas including health, social inclusion, city marketing, urban renewal, and so on. Notably, there are some new issues, such as the rational allocation of resources for improving POS quality in the POS place-keeping issues, or the opinion of ‘just green enough’ in the environmental justice issue, which emphasize that POS quality should be improved systematically.
Under the demand of making systematic strategies for improving POS quality, this study has examined the methods commonly used at different stages of making improvement strategies and discovered several research problems. First, at the stage of building an evaluation framework, determining which consideration factors would affect the decision on what kind of data (secondary source data and/or primary source data) should be adopted for building an evaluation framework is rarely discussed. Second, at the stage of using primary source data to build an evaluation framework, some commonly used methods often suffer from a number of limitations, such as the recall bias, social desirability bias or researcher interpretation bias. Third, at the stage of training the weights of criteria, the commonly used methods all operate on the assumption that the criteria are independent, which may not fit the current real-world situation where there are often interrelations among the involved attributes. In light of systematic improvement, these methods may face a challenge in determining whether the priorities found are finally the crucial improvement ones at the root of the impact, which is important in regard to the rational allocation of resources. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is that, based on clarifying the mechanism of data source selection for building an evaluation framework, proposing a novel hybrid model that combines caption evaluation method (CEM) and the D-DANP-mV model (DEMATEL-DANP-modified VIKOR) for making systematic improvement strategies of POS quality.
An empirical study in Macao peninsula is presented in order to illustrate the superiority of the new hybrid model. A user-preference database containing 1790 photographs with logs was obtained by employing CEM in a series of POSs which need to be improved for tourist attraction. The DEMATEL database for calculating correlation and influential weights of criteria was generated by systematically collecting value judgments by 9 experts. Then a VIKOR database for calculating the performance-gap was obtained from 36 user-volunteers’ responses. An evaluation framework with 14 criteria was established through the analysis of the first database, and the influential network relation map (INRM) and influential weights of the criteria were identified from the analysis of the second and third databases; the performance-gap value in each criterion and also the total gap value were thereby obtained. According to these three parts of the results, the improvement strategies of POS quality could be established. The findings show that the determined evaluation framework is more applicable to the local situation under the goal of tourist attraction, and the new criteria differ to some extent from those in the initial framework which was obtained from secondary sources data. The findings also show that the results of the new model differ from those obtained by using ‘stop-gap piecemeal’ methods. It implies that the new model can provide a more constructive and proactive allocation and utilization of resources for overall improvement.
This study may provide decision makers with an integrated and practical way to establish priorities and influential relationships of micro-scale interventions of POS quality in a holistic manner, in order to make systematic improvement strategies for POS quality improvement under the rational allocation of resources.
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