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題名:專業運動技能與認知功能之關聯性:以認知組合技能探討不同年齡層優秀運動員之視知覺及複雜注意力
作者:孟範武
作者(外文):Meng, Fan-Wu
校院名稱:臺北市立大學
系所名稱:競技運動訓練研究所
指導教授:陳奕良
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2020
主題關鍵詞:認知功能注意力優秀運動員cognitive functionsattentionselite athletes
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  目的:先前的研究已經指出運動員在測量注意力和感覺運動能力的任務上具有優越的表現。然而,運動訓練的類型如何影響認知表徵以及老年退役職業運動員的年齡效應是否體現減緩認知老化的軌跡仍然未知。方法:在本論文中,我們共招募了105名專業從事羽毛球運動,排球運動的參與者,他們都代表台灣參加國際級職業賽事且與未接受任何常規運動訓練的健康成人控制組做為比較。這些運動員中,我們還招募了退役年老職業運動員(前羽毛球運動員和排球運動員)做為本研究老化的探討。在進行認知能力施測之前,我們要求所有參與者填寫調查問卷,以獲取專業運動項目訓練背景和人口統計資訊。然後我們使用認知測試來測量空間注意力,感覺記憶,認知靈活性,運動抑制和注意力網絡。結果:在年輕組中,組間比較顯示,運動員在感覺記憶,注意力轉移,反應停止以及提醒注意網絡方面的表現優於對照組。具體來說,排球運動員在感官視覺記憶方面表現出色,動作抑制能力及並警覺性注意力,而羽毛球運動員在感官視覺記憶上表現優於對照組以及警覺性注意力和基本動作反應處理速度。此外,我們沒有觀察到視覺空間注意與變化檢測作業之間的任何組間差異。結果表明,運動員的人類感覺記憶衰減速度較慢,不同任務之間的注意力轉移更為優勢。團隊運動項目成員比個人單項運動員表現出更好的認知能力,這可能是由於不同的訓練方式和運動特徵涉及更複雜的認知過程的訊息處理方式差異。特別於團隊性的運動員的表現比較更卓越,年輕的羽毛球運動員在定向(導向)注意力和衝突監控網絡方面表現更好,表示年輕的羽毛球運動員有更好的能力將注意力轉向感官輸入並解決反應之間的衝突。具體而言,年輕羽毛球運動員在不同的線索目標條件下比老年羽毛球運動員有更好的表現,而且,速度準確性證實年輕組在處理不同視覺線索訊息方面具有更高的效率。總體而言,老年退伍軍人職業運動員在這種認知能力方面沒有顯著差異,並且通常比年輕成年運動員的表現更差。結論:我們的研究結果可能反映了運動訓練在團隊及個人運動專項的不同訓練方式,側重不同人類行為,因此重塑不同認知技能的發展軌跡。年齡對認知能力下降的影響仍然可觀察到在老年退役運動員及年輕運動員上,即使在年輕時也經歷過高強度訓練。最後,我們討論了樣本量和頂級運動員定義的一些限制。
  Previous: Thestudies have been reported athletes have superior performance on a task measuring attention and sensorimotor abilities. However, how does the type of sports training shapes cognitive profile and whether the age effect on veteran professional athletes have slower aging trajectories still unknown. Methods:In this study, we recruit a total of 105 participants with specialized in badminton sports, volleyball sports, who all represented of Taiwan compete at international events and healthy adult controls who did not receive any regular sports training. Of which, veteran professional athletes (former badminton player and volleyball player) were also recruited. All participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire before performing the cognitive assessments to acquire the training background and demographic information. We are then using cognitive testing to measure spatial attention, sensory memory, cognitive flexibility, motor inhibition, and attention networks. Results: In the young group, between-group comparison showed athlete had better performance on sensory memory, attention shifts, response stopping, and alerting a network of attention than controls. Specifically, volleyball player has superior performance on iconic memory, stopping the behavior and alerting attention, whereas badminton player outperforms control group on iconic memory, alerting attention and basic processing speed. Moreover, we did not observe any between-group differences in visual-spatial attention with a change detection paradigm. The results suggest that athletes have a slower decay rate of human sensory memory and better attention shifts between different tasks. Team player displays better cognitive abilities than individual sports, which may due to different training modalities and sports features that involve a more complex cognitive process. Particularly, Between-group comparison showed that young badminton player has better performance on orienting and conflict monitoring network, indicating that young badminton player had better ability to direct attention towards sensory input and to resolve conflicts between responses. Specifically, young badminton player had better performance on different cue-target conditions than elderly badminton player, further, speed-accuracy confirmed that younger group have higher efficiency in processing different cue information. Overall, elderly veteran professional athletes showed no significant difference among this cognitive ability, and typically have worsened performance than young adult athletes. Conclusion:Our findings may reflect the type of sports training reshape cognitive skills in team/individual sports expertise. Age effect on cognitive declines still observable even experienced high-intensity training while young. We end with discussed some limitations regarding both sample size and the definition of top sport expertise.
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