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題名:論學用合一:基於札格澤博斯基德行理論的視角
作者:李惠美
作者(外文):LEE, HUI-MEI
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:黎建球
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:德行以德行為基礎的知識論實行者理智德行實踐智慧整全之德學德合一模範者論者德行論virtuevirtue-based epistemologyagentintellectual virtuepractical wisdomthe virtue of integritythe unifying of learning and virtueexemplarist virtue theory
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本文以Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (琳達・特林考斯・札格澤博斯基)的德行論視角作為論述之理論基礎。Zagzebski提出在知識論中運用以德行為本作為理論架構,本文認為她所採取的實行者為本的純粹德行論立場,可作為思考「學用合一」的參照,合一在實行者,也就是學習的主體自身之上。「學用合一」之「用」的意義不是人成為「被使用」的工具,而是人能「實踐」所學、成就自身。更進一步來說,若將「德行」作為學習的目標:「學以致『德』」,相信將較以「學以致『用』」作為教育目標來的更加適宜。從Zagzebski對於德行本性的研究與討論,可讓人掌握「學以致德」之真意。而從她對於德行的定義,我們可以從引發學習動機、提高可靠成功實現自我目的之可能性與達成度,兩方面學習與養成德行。透過「整全」此一高階德行對人的功能性合一進行肯認與整合,理智德行與道德德行可合一於實行者主體之上,達成自我的合一。另外,Zagzebski提出強化phronesis(實踐智慧)的理論面向,無論在道德德行上、理智德行上、以及理智德行與道德德行之間,發揮其理論面的功能以及實踐面的作用,將有助於具體落實「學德合一」的教育目的。基於Zagzebski實行者為本的德行論與模範者論的立場,我們可透過模範者的德行所呈現的身與心、知與行的實踐過程,學習與效仿模範者,據以成人、成聖。「學德合一」在於學習成為整全合一的人,進而「學以成聖」,學習模範者做為德行的典範與楷模。Zagzebski認為品格倫理學可以闡明行動的道德性和信念的道德性之間的合一。而採取敘事文學、實證研究、心理分析等取向,描述道德主體生命的細節,將可作為道德理論研究與道德教育學習的基礎。故本文認為「學德合一」較「學用合一」更適宜作為人的教育目的,以學習成己且達人。
This dissertation takes Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski's virtue theory as the theoretical basis of the discussion. Zagzebski proposed the virtue-based epistemology as a theoretical framework. I believe that her agent-based perspective of the pure virtue theory can be used as a reference for considering "the unifying of learning and practicing", which is the unity of the learning agent over oneself. It is not “the unity of learning and use”, not a person becomes a tool to “be used”, but one could “practice” what he/she has learned and achieve oneself. Furthermore, if we take "virtue" as the goal of learning, I believe "learning for achieving ‘virtue’" will be more appropriate than "learning for achieving ‘use’" as the goal of education. Zagzebski's research and discussion on the nature of virtues can enable us to grasp the true meaning of " learning for achieving virtue". And based on her definition of virtue, we can learn and develop virtue from two aspects: inducing motivation for learning and improving the reliable success of practical self-goals. Through "the virtue of integrity", virtue of a higher level, the understanding and integration of the functional unity of human beings, the intellectual virtue and moral virtue can be united into the agent, and the unity of oneself can be realized. In addition, Zagzebski has put forward the theoretical aspect of practical wisdom enhancement. Regardless of moral virtue, intellectual virtue, or between the intellectual virtue and moral virtue, all have played the role of theory and practice, and the specific details will be practiced to the educational end of "the unity of learning and virtue”. Based on the position of Zagzebski's agent-based virtue theory and exemplarist theory, we can learn and imitate exemplar through his/her practice process to be the ideal one. "The unity of learning and virtue” is to learn to become a whole-unity person, and then to "learn to become sage”. Zagzebski thinks that character ethics can be interpreted as the unity between the morality of acting and the morality of believing. To describe the details of the life of the moral subject will be used as the basis for the study of moral theory and moral education, such as literature, empirical research, psychological analysis, etc. Therefore, I propose that "the unity of learning and virtue” is more suitable as a person's educational goal than "the unifying of learning and practicing".
壹、Linda Zagzebski著作
一、專書
Zagzebski, Linda. Epistemic Values: Collected Papers in Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press. 2020.
Zagzebski, Linda(琳達.札格澤博斯基)著,《認識的價值與我們所在意的東西(On Epistemology)》,方環非譯,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2019。
Zagzebski, Linda. Exemplarist Moral Theory. New York: Oxford University Press. 2017.
Zagzebski, Linda. On Epistemology. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. 2009.
Zagzebski, Linda. Divine Motivation Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2004.
Zagzebski, Linda. Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry Into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996.

二、主編專書
DePaul, Michael R. & Zagzebski, Linda (eds.). Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives From Ethics and Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003.
Zagzebski, Linda & Fairweather, Abrol (eds.). Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.

三、單篇論文
Zagzebski, Linda. “Toward a Theory of Understanding.” In Varieties of Understanding. 2019.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Intellectual Virtue Terms and the Division of Linguistic Labor.” In Virtue and Vice: Habits of Mind for a Return to Civil Discourse. 2019.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Intellectual Virtues: Admirable Traits of Character.” In Routeledge Handbook of Virtue Epistemology. 2018.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Two Greatest Ideas.” Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 91 21-26. 2017
Zagzebski, Linda. “Divine Motivation Theory and Exemplarism.” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 8(3): 109. 2016
Zagzebski, Linda. “Replies to Christoph Jäger and Elizabeth Fricker.” Episteme 13(2): 187-194. 2016.
Zagzebski, Linda. "The Joys and Sorrows of a Philosophical Life". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. 90: 114–128. 2016. ISSN 2325-9248. JSTOR 26622941. Retrieved Oct. 6, 2020.
Zagzebski, Linda. “I—Admiration and the Admirable.” Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 89 (1): 205-221. 2015.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Virtue Theory and Exemplars.” Philosophical News 4. 2012
Zagzebski, Linda. “First Person and Third Person Reasons and Religious Epistemology.” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 3(2). 2011.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Exemplarist virtue theory.” Metaphilosophy 41 (1):41-57. 2010.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good.” In Duncan Pritchard & Ram Neta (eds.), Metaphilosophy. Routledge. pp.55. 2008.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Virtues of the Mind, Selections.” In Ernest Sosa (ed.), Epistemology: An Anthology. Blackwell. pp. 442. 2008.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Ethical and epistemic egoism and the ideal of autonomy.” Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology 4 (3):252-263. 2007.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The admirable life and the desirable life.” In T. D. J. Chappell (ed.), Values and Virtues: Aristotelianism in Contemporary Ethics. Oxford University Press. 2006.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Self-Trust and the Diversity of Religions.” Philosophic Exchange 36 (1). 2006.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Ideal agents and ideal observers in epistemology.” In Stephen Hetherington (ed.), Epistemology Futures. Clarendon Press. 2006.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Divine Motivation Theory.” Philosophical Quarterly 56(225): 629-632. 2006.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Epistemic Value and the Primacy of What We Care About.” Philosophical Papers 33 (3):353-377. 2004.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Epistemic value monism.” In Greco John (ed.), Ernest Sosa and His Critics. Oxford: Blackwell 190--198. 2004.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good.” Metaphilosophy 34 (1-2):12-28. 2003.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Intellectual motivation and the good of truth.” In Linda Zagzebski & Michael DePaul (eds.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives From Ethics and Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 135--154. 2003
Zagzebski, Linda. “Emotion and moral judgment.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 66 (1):104–124. 2003.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Plantinga’s Warranted Christian Belief and the Aquinas/Calvin Model.” Philosophical Books 43 117-123. 2002.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Obligation, Good Motives, and the Good.” (review) Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 64 (2). 2002.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Uniqueness of Persons.” Journal of Religious Ethics 29 (3):401 - 423. 2001.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Recovering Understanding.” In M. Steup (ed.), Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue. Oxford University Press. 2001.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Must knowers be Agents.” In Abrol Fairweather & Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (eds.), Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility. Oxford University Press. pp. 142--57. 2001.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Responses Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60 (1): 207. 2000.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Review: Responses.” (review) Philosophy and Phenomenolgical Research 60 (1). 2000.
Zagzebski, Linda. “From Reliabilism to Virtue Epistemology.” The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy 5 173-179. 2000.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Précis of Virtues of the Mind.” (review) Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60 (1):169-177. 2000.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Phronesis and Religious Belief.” In G. Bruntrup & R. K. Trcelli (eds.), The Rationality of Theism. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 177-194. 1999.
Zagzebski, Linda. ``What Is Knowledge?". In John Greco & Ernest Sosa (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell. 1999.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Virtues of God and the Foundations of Ethics.” Faith and Philosophy 15 (4): 538-553. 1998.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Virtue Epistemology.” In Edward Craig (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. 1998.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Virtue in Ethics and Epistemology.” Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 71 1-17. 1997.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Perfect Goodness and Divine Motivation Theory.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 21 (1):296-309. 1997.
Zagzebski, Linda. “[Book review] virtues of the mind, an inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge.” (review) in Stephen Everson (ed.) Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 808-810. 1996.
Zagzebski, Linda. “The Inescapability of Gettier Problems.” Philosophical Quarterly 44 (174):65-73. 1994.
Zagzebski, Linda. “Religious Knowledge and the Virtues of the Mind.” In Rational Faith: Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology. Notre Dame Press (Notre Dame, Indiana). pp. 199-225. 1993.

四、合著論文
Zagzebski, Linda & Fairweather, Abrol. “Virtue Epistemology and Responsibility.” Mind 112 (445):178-181. 2003.
Zagzebski, Linda & Depaul, Michael. “Intellectual Virtue.” Mind 113 (452):791-794. 2004.
Steup, M.; Fairweather, A. & Zagzebski, L. “Recensioni/Reviews-Knowledge, Truth, and Duty.” Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue. Epistemologia 27 (2):346. 2004.
Zagzebski, Linda & Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg. “Distinctive Measures of Epistemic Evaluation: Character as the Configuration of Traits Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge.” (review) Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60 (1): 203. 2000.




貳、英文部分
一、專書及論文
Angel, Stephen C. Sagehood: The Contemporary Significance of Neo-Confucian Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Aristotle, De Anima. Trans. J.A. Smith. In Mckeon 1941.
Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics. Trans. With commentary by Michael Woods. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. W.D. Ross. In McKeon 1941.
Battaly, Heather. Virtue. UK: Polity Press, 2015.
Blake, Nigel., Smeyers, Paul., Smith, Richard. & Standish, Paul. (eds.) The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Education. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Brubacher, J. S., On the philosophy of higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982.
Carr, David, Educating the Virtues: An essay on the Philosophical Psychology of Moral development and Education. London & New York: Routledge, 1991.
Clarke, Bridget. ”Virtue and Disagreement.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 13:273-291. 2010.
Cohen, Elliot D. Critical Thinking Unleashed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009.
Cohen, Elliot D. The Virtuous Therapist Ethical Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy. Monograph Collection (Matt - Pseudo). 1999.
Cohen, Elliot D. Theory and Practice of Logic-based Therapy. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
Curren, Randall(ed.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Education. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Dancy, Jonathan., Sosa, Ernest. & Setup, Matthias. A Companion to Epistemology (second Edition). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Deslauriers, Marguerite. “How to Distinguish Aristotle’s Virtues.” Phronesis 47〔2〕:101-126. 2002.
Ennis, Robert H. Critical thinking. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1996.
Fisher, A. Critical thinking: an introduction. United Kingdom: Cambridge. 2001.
Gallagher, Robert L. “Aristotle on Eidei Diapherontoi.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 19〔3〕:363-384. 2011.
Grafton, Anthony & Jardine, Lisa, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Greco, John. & Turri, John. (eds.) Virtue Epistemology: Contemporary Readings. London: The MIT Press, 2012.
Hämäläinen, Nora. ”Is Moral Theory Harmful in Practice?— Relocating Anti-theory in Contemporary Ethics.” Ethic Theory Moral Practice 12:539-553, 2008.
Hariman, Robert (ed.). Prudence: Classical Virtue, Postmodern Practice. Penn State University Press, 2003.
Hieronymi, Pamela.” Reasons for Action” The Aristotelian Society 111〔3〕:410-427, 2011.
Hursthouse, Rosalind. “Practical Wisdom: A Mundane Account.” The Aristotelian Society106〔1〕:285-309, 2006.
Hursthouse, Rosalind. “Virtue Theory and Abortion.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 20(3): 223-246, 1991.
Kelp, Christoph. & Greco, John. Virtue Theoretic Epistemology: New Methods and Approaches. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Knight, Kelvin. Aristotlian Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007
Kraut, Richard. Aristotle on the Human Good. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
McInerny, Daniel, editor, The Common Things: Essays on Thomism and Education. American Maritain Association, 1999.
McPherson, David. Virtue and Meaning: A Neo-Aristotelian Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Miller, Christian B., Furr, R. Michael, Knobel, Angela & Fleeson, William (eds.), Character: New Directions from Philosophy, Psychology, and Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Newman, John Henry, The Idea of a University. San Francisco: Rinehart Press, 1960.
Nicholl, Donald, The Beatitude of Truth. London: DLT, 1997.
Noddings, Nel, Educating Moral People: A Caring Alternative to Character Education. New York & London: Teachers College Press, 2002.
Nussabum, Martha C., Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 1997.
O’keefe, Mark, OSB. Virtues Abounding: St. Thomas Aquinas on the Cardinal and Related Virtues for Today. OR: Cascade Books, 2019.
O’Neill, Onora. Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1996.
Olberding, Amy. Moral Exemplars in the Analects: The Good Person is That. New York: Routledge, 2012.
Paul, Richard. “Critical Thinking, Moral Integrity, and Citizenship: Teaching for the Intellectual Virtues.” In Guy Axtell (ed.), Knowledge, belief, and character: readings in virtue epistemology. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
Pritchard, Duncan. “Recent Work on Epistemic Value” American Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 44, No. 2 (Apr., 2007), pp. 85-110, 2007.
Pritchard, Duncan. “Virtue Epistemology, Extended Cognition, and the Epistemology of Education.” Universitas: Monthly Review of Philosophy and Culture,Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 47-66.
Salkever, Stephen G. Finding the Mean. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Sertillanges, A.D., The Intellectual Life. Washington DC: CUA Press, 1998.
Siegel, Harvey (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
The Complete Works of Aristotle, edited by Jonathan Barnes, 2 vols., Princeton University Press, 1984.
Thornton, T. M. “Aristotelian Practical Reason” Mind Vol. 91, No. 361, pp. 57-76, 1982.

二、英文網路資源
About Linda Zagzebski, Lectures 2015, Gifford Lecture, University of St. Andrews, http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/gifford/lectures-2015/about-linda-zagzebski/
Defining Critical Thinking (Edward M. Glaser, An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking, Teacher’s College, Columbia University, 1941), http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski , Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski
Linda Zagzebski, Department of Philosophy, The University of Oklahoma, https://philosophy.publishpath.com/linda-zagzebski
Linda Zagzebski, philpapers, https://philpapers.org/profile/10959


叁、中文部分
一、專書及論文
Aristotle著,高思謙譯,《尼各馬科倫理學》,台北:商務印書館,2006。
Aristotle著,廖申白譯,《尼各馬可倫理學》,北京:商務印書館,2003。
Fingarette, Herbert. 《孔子:即凡而聖(Confucius: the Secular as Sacred)》,彭國翔、張華譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社,2002。
Hariman, Robert著,劉宇譯,〈實踐智慧在二十一世紀(上)〉,《現代哲學》,2007〔1〕:63-73。
Hariman, Robert著,劉宇譯,〈實踐智慧在二十一世紀(下)〉,《現代哲學》,2007〔2〕:110-117。
Knight, George R.著,簡成熙譯,《教育哲學導論(Issues and Alternatives in Educational Philosophy)》,台北:五南,2010,三版一刷。
Salkever, Stephen G.著,〈當代西方實踐哲學中的新亞里斯多德主義〉,《政治大學哲學學報》,17:1-20,2007。
尤淑如、林朝成,〈從實踐理智到合理性-麥金泰爾的行動哲學初探〉,《哲學與文化》,35〔1〕:99-112,2008。
方環非,〈範例、德性與道德實踐〉,《廈門大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,2015(6): 126-135,2016。
王志輝,〈從道德教養的角度談亞里斯多德論品性責任〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,40:1-53,2012。
王路,《走進分析哲學》,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2020。
付長珍,〈重新發現智德—儒家倫理學知識體系的當代省查〉,《求是學刊》,4,2020。DOI編碼:10.19667/j.cnkki.cn23-1070/c.2020.04.004
朱清華,再論德性與實踐智慧的關係—兼評唐熱風文《亞里士多德倫理學中的德性與實踐智慧》。收於徐長福主編。《實踐哲學評論第一輯》。廣州:中山大學出版社。頁256-269,2014。
米建國,〈什麼是德性知識論?知識的本質與價值問題〉,《哲學與文化》,39(2): 23-46,2012。
米建國,〈德性知識論與懷疑論:Linda Zagzebski《論知識論》〉,《東吳哲學學報》,29: 95-123,2014。
米建國、朱建民,〈導言:「德性的轉向:德性理論與中國哲學」〉,《哲學與文化》,453:1-6,2012。
米建國、朱建民,〈導言:Virtue Ethics與Virtue Epistemology專題〉,《哲學與文化》,478:1-6,2014。
吳德凱,《認知主體的三個維度:韋斯特法爾與札格澤波斯基認識論思想》,北京:人民出版社,2019。
李長偉,〈實踐智慧與政治實踐〉,《濮陽職業技術學院學報》,23〔5〕:42-45。2010。
邵華,〈亞里士多德論實踐智慧的內涵〉,《武漢科技大學學報》,13〔1〕:1-8,2011。
洪櫻芬,〈德行與理性之互蘊-論亞里斯多德的德行觀〉,《高應科大人文社會科學學報》,3:233-243,2006。
倪培民,〈知「道」--中國哲學中的工夫認識論〉,《文史哲》,4:94-113,2019。
徐向東編,《實踐理性》,杭州,浙江大學,2011。
徐長福,《走向實踐智慧—探詢實踐哲學的新進路》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2008。
馬萬東,〈實踐智慧(phronesis)與“技藝”(techne)之喻-由亞里士多德引發的現代思考〉,《現代哲學》,2007〔1〕:58-62。
張勻翔,〈論《尼各馬科倫理學》幸福與德行的關係〉,《哲學與文化》,30〔8〕:39-58,2003。
張鼎國,〈『實踐智』與新亞里斯多德主義〉,《哲學雜誌》,19:66-84,1997。
許宏儒,〈Bourdieu的「實踐」概念及其在教育研究上的啟示〉,《教育研究與發展期刊》,第二卷第一期:151-172,2006。
陳來,《孔子.孟子.荀子:先秦儒學講稿》,北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店,2017。
傅秉康,〈波蘭尼的默會認識理論對教學理論的貢獻〉,《文化研究@嶺南》,34,2013。檢自:http://commons.ln.edu.hk/mcsln/vol34/iss1/6/ 。
琳達.艾爾德(Linda Elder)、理察.保羅(Richard Raul)著,林佳誼譯,《30堂帶來幸福的思辨課》。台北:商周出版,2013。
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二、網路資源
米建國,<德性知識論>, 2021年01月22日引自王一奇編,《華文哲學百科》(2019版本)http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=德性知識論。
教育部,第三期獎勵大學教學卓越計畫, http://www.edu.tw/News_Plan_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&sms=954974C68391B710&s=DFF571C475F3768F。
楊國榮,<學以成人>, 2020年12月25日引自愛思想(aisixiang.com)網站http://www.aisixiang.com/data/79962.html


 
 
 
 
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