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題名:論人類胚胎的道德地位──以多瑪斯的位格概念為基礎
作者:戴宇光
作者(外文):Tai, YU-KUANG
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:黎建球
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:人類接合子人類胚胎位格道德地位人的身分人性尊嚴human zygotehuman embryopersonmoral statuspersonal identityhuman dignity
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本文主要為人類家族中最弱小的胚胎發聲,使胚胎得到其他成員的關注,並能得到應有的道德地位與尊嚴。因此本文以中世紀哲學家多瑪斯.阿奎納的位格概念為本文的理論核心,並提出諸多當代學者的論述,強調位格人的身分可以包括胚胎。
本文的進路為,第一章是有關本文的簡介與文獻回顧。第二章先論述多瑪斯相關位格的概念,其中包括位格的概念、位格與關係,本性與存在的討論;並提出多瑪斯在胚胎論題上與現代觀念不同的部分。第三章是從當代生命倫理學的角度出發,提出反對胚胎為人的論證,也在之後提出贊成胚胎為人的論證,對反對胚胎為人的論點加以反駁。第四章以當代多瑪斯學派學者的論述為主,論證胚胎從道德哲學與神學的立場是為人。並從墮胎、胚胎幹細胞研究與複製議題切入,探討生命初始時,胚胎的道德地位。最後再次強調,胚胎為人類家族中的一份子,需得到應有的道德地位與人性尊嚴。
The focus of this dissertation is to make a voice for human embryos and draw our attention to the weakest members of the human family, so as to render them the moral status and dignity that they deserve. This thesis is based on the medieval philosopher, Thomas Aquinas, and his concept on personhood. It puts forward many contemporary scholars' discussion, emphasizing that embryos can be included in the status of person.
The approach of this dissertation is as follows. The first chapter is the introduction and literature review of this dissertation. The second chapter first focuses on Thomas' theory for discussion, which includes discussions on the concept of person, relationship of person, nature and existence; and then discusses the differences between Thomas' thesis and modern concepts regarding embryos. The third chapter is from the perspective of contemporary bioethics that argues that embryos are not human. It is then followed by a refutation in favor of embryos as human beings. The fourth chapter is mainly about contemporary Aquinas scholars and elaborates on how embryos are human from a moral philosophical and theological standpoint. It explores the moral status of embryos at the beginning of life, when abortion, embryonic stem cell research and cloning are issues. Finally, it emphasizes how embryos, as a part of the human family, need to be treated according to their moral status and dignity.
一、外文書籍
Amerini, Fabrizio, Aquinas- On the Beginning and End of Human Life, trans. Henninger, Mark (U.S.A.: Harvard College, 2013).
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima, trans. Kenelm Foster, O.P. and Silvester Humphries, O.P. ( Indiana: Notre Dame, Dumb ox Books, 1994).
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Scriptum super sententiis magistri Petri Lombardi,3, ed. Mandonnet, P. & Moos, M. (Paris: Lethielleux, 1933).
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Quaestiones Disputatae de Anima, trans. John Patrick Rowan, html ed. Joseph Kenny, O.P. (St. Louis & London: B. Herder Book Co., 1949). http://dhspriory.org/thomas/QDdeAnima.htm#2 (英文與拉丁文版) (2015.1檢索)
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Summa Theologica, http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/aquinas.html (拉丁版) (2015.1檢索)
Aquinas, St. Thomas, The Summa Theologica, ed. and trans. Benziger Bros. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (1947). http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.html (英譯版) (2015.2檢索)
Aristotle, De Histor Animal, trans. by D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson , The Complete Works of Aristotle, trans. and edit. By W. D. Ross, ( Posted on February 5, 2014), Ebook: http://holybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Complete-Aristotle.pdf?810c00 (2015.2檢索)
Berkman, John. & Titus, Craig Steven. Ed., Servais Pinckaers .O.P. - The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (The Catholic University of America Press, 2005).
Colson, Charles W., and Carmeron, Nigel M. de S., ed. Human Dignity In The Biotech Century- A Christian Vision For Public Policy (Illinois: InterVaristy Press, 2004).
Eberl, Jason T., Thomistic Principles and Bioethics (USA: Routledge, 2006).
Engelhardt Jr., H. T., The Foundations of Bioethics (Oxford: Oxford, 1986; rev. ed. 1996).
Feinberg, Joel, Abortion, (In Matters of Life and Death,) edited by Tom Regan,2d ed., (1986). http://www.ditext.com/feinberg/abortion.html (2020.2檢索)
Fergusson, David, Community, Liberalism, and Christian Ethics (U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Fisher, Anthony, Catholic Bioethics for a New Millennium (New York City, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Fuchs, Josef, S.J., Moral Demands and Personal Obligations, trans. McNeil, Brian (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1993).
Hibbs, Thomas S. ed. Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature (U.S.A.: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1999).
Herbert McCabe O.P., God Matters-- Contemporary Christian Insights (U.K.: Continuum, 2000).
Jones, David Albert, The Soul of the Embryo: An Enquiry into the Status of the Human Embryo in the Christian Tradition (UK: BookEns, Ltd., Reprinted 2007).
Kaczor, Christopher, The Edge of Life-Human Dignity and Contemporary Bioethics, (Philosophy and Medicine Book 85) (Springer, 2005).
Kaczor, Christopher, The Ethics of Abortion-Women’s Rights, Human Life, And The Question of Justice ( NY: Routledge, 2011).
Kreeft, Peter, Three Approaches to Abortion: A Thoughtful and Compassionate Guide to Today's Most Controversial Issue (U.S.A.: Ignatius, 2002).
Lee, Patrick, Abortion and Unborn Human Life (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1996, rev. ed. 2010).
MacIntyre, Alasdair Chalmers, Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues (U.S.A.: Open Court Co., 1999).
MacIntyre, Alasdair, Dependent rational animals : why human beings need the virtues (U.S.A.: Chicago, Ill. : Open Court, 1999).
McCabe, Herbert, O.P., God Matters (Contemporary Christian Insights) (UK: Continuum, 2000).
McCabe, Herbert, O.P., On Aquinas: Foreword by Sir Anthony Kenny, ed. By Brian Davis(London: Burns & Oates, 2008).
McCormick, Richard A., How brave a new world? Dilemmas in bioethics( Garden City: Doubleday, 1981).
McMahan, Jeff, The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
https://cryptome.org/2013/01/aaron-swartz/0195079981.pdf (2020.3檢索)
Napier, Stephen, ed., Persons, Moral Worth, and Embryos : A Critical Analysis of Pro-Choice Arguments, Philosophy and Medicine 111 (Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York : Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011).
Pasnau, Robert, Thomas Aquinas on human nature : a philosophical study of Summa theologiae 1a, 75-89(Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2002).
Pope, Stephen J. edit., The Ethics of Aquinas (U.S.A.: Georgetown University Press), 2002.
Scarnecchia, Brian D., Bioethics, Law and Human Live Issues: A Catholic Perspective on marriage, family, contraception, abortion, reproductive technology and death and dying(UK: Scarecrow Press), 2010.
Singer, Peter, Practical Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1979, second edition, 1993, third edition, 2011.
Smith, Christian, What is a Person?- Rethinking Humanity, Social Life, and the Moral Good grom the Person Up(U.S.A.: The University of Chicago Press), 2010.
Spaemann, Robert, trans. by Oliver O’Donovan. Persons: The Difference between "Someone" and "Something"(Personen Versuche über Unterschied zwischen etwas und jemand)(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012 (1996).).
Steinbock , Bonnie, Life Before Birth: The Moral and Legal Status of Embryos and Fetuses(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 (1992).)https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341621.001.0001/acprof-9780195341621 (2020.8檢索)
Torchia, Joseph, O.P. Exploring Personhood- An Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Nature(U.S.A.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.), 2008.
Vanden Bout, Melissa Rovig, Thomas Aquinas and the Generation of the Embryo: Being Human before the Rational Soul, U.S.A.: Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-in104090 (2021.5檢索)
Wang, Stephen, Aquinas & Sartre- On Freedom, Personal Identity, and the Possibility of Happiness, U.S.A.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009.
Warren, Mary Anne, Moral Status - Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 2000.

二、外文期刊與會議論文
Brown, Mark T, “The potential of the human embryo,” The Journal of medicine and philosophy 32, Issue 6, (2007), pp. 585-618.
Deckers J. ,“Why Eberl is wrong. Reflections on the beginning of personhood”, Bioethics 21(2007), pp. 270-282.
Eberl, Jason T, “A Thomistic Perspective On The Beginning Of Personhood”, Bioethics14 (2000), pp. 134-57.
Eberl, Jason T, “A Thomistic Perspective On The Beginning Of Personhood: Redux”, Bioethics 21, Issue 5, (2007), pp. 283-289.
Eberl, Jason T, “Article: Aquinas's account of human embryogenesis and recent interpretations”, The Journal of medicine and philosophy30, Issue: 4, (2005), pp. 379-394.
Frederick J. White. “Personhood: An essential characteristic of the human species”, The Linacre Quarterly 80(2013), pp. 74-97.
Jove Jim S. Aguas. “The Notions of the Human Person and Human Dignity in Aquinas and Wojtyla,” http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_5/aguas_june2009.pdf. (2015.3檢索)
Mcdaniel, Matthew Grant, “De Anima, DNA: A Modified Stump/Aquinas Hylomorphic Model, The Soul And The Identity OF Human Persons, Resurrected”, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia (2010), PP.1-95.
McMahan, Jeff,“Our Fellow Creatures,” (2005) https://philosophy.rutgers.edu/joomlatools-files/docman-files/Our_Fellow_Creatures.pdf (2020.5檢索)
Meyer, John R, “Embryonic Personhood, Human Nature, And Rational Ensoulment”, The Heythrop Journal, Volume 47, Issue 2, (2006), pp. 206-225.
Mosteller, Tim, “Teleology, embryonic personhood, and stem cell research”, Ethics & Medicine: an international journal of bioethics, Volume27, Issue 1 (2011), pp. 43-50.
Robertson, Charles D, “A Thomistic analysis of embryo adoption”, The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 14 no 4(2014), pp. 673-695.
Toner, Patrick, “Personhood and Death in St. Thomas Aquinas”, History of philosophy quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 2(2009), pp.121-138.

三、中文書籍
尤煌傑、潘小慧主編,《人的意義》,《應用心理研究》第9期,台北市:五南出版,2001。
艾立勤著述(Louis Aldrich, S.J.),《維護人性尊嚴:天主教生命倫理觀》,許郡珊、陳美玲撰寫,修訂再版,台北:光啟出版,2005。
多瑪斯‧阿奎那,《神學大全》,周克勤總編輯,周克勤、高旭東、陳家華、劉俊餘、胡安德、王守身等譯,台南市:中華道明會、碧岳學社聯合出版,2008。
多瑪斯‧阿奎那,《駁異大全》,呂穆迪譯述,3版,台北市:台灣商務,2010。
吉爾松(Etienne Gilson),《中世紀哲學精神》,沈清松譯,台北市:台灣商務,2001。
辛格(Peter A. Singer)編著,蔡甫昌編譯,《臨床生命倫理學Bioethics at the bedside—A clinician’s guide》,台北市:財團法人醫院評鑑暨醫療品質策進會,2004。
李瑞全,《儒家生命倫理學》,台北市:鵝湖,1999。
李震,《基本哲學探討》,新北市:輔大書坊,1991年初版,2005年再版。
谷寒松,《神學中的人學─天地人合一》,台北市:光啟文化,2008,增修四版。
柯志明,《胎兒與死刑犯:基督信仰的人觀與生命倫理Fetus and Death Row: Christian Idea of Man and Bioethics》,台北市:橄欖出版,2013。
柯普斯登(Frederick Copleston),莊雅棠譯,傅佩榮校訂,《西洋哲學史(二)─中世紀哲學(奥古斯丁到斯考特)》,台北市:黎明文化,2003。
柯普斯登(Frederick Copleston),陳潔明、關子尹譯,傅佩榮校訂,《西洋哲學史(六)─盧梭到康德》,台北市:黎明文化,2011。
袁廷棟,《哲學心理學》,新北市:輔大書坊,2006年初版,2014年再版。
張立明,《人之初──胚胎生命起點的探討When Does Life Begin? On the Personhood of Human Embryos》,新北市:中華福音神學院出版,2014。
亞里斯多德,《亞里斯多德全集》,苗力田主編,北京:中國人民大學出版社,2003。
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庫爾特.拜爾茨(Kurt Bayertz),馬懷琪譯,《基因倫理學(GenEthik)》,北京:華夏出版社,2001。
鄂爾(Robert D. Orr),David Schiedermayer, David B. Biebel,《認識生命倫理學Life and death decisions: help in making tough choice about bioethical issues》,台北市:校園書房,1997。
麥可.迦薩尼迦(Michael S. Gazzaniga),《倫理的腦The Ethical Brain》,吳建昌譯,台北市:原水出版,2011。
麥金太爾.阿拉斯戴爾(MacIntyre, A.)著,《依賴性的理性動物─人類為什麼需要德性》,劉瑋譯,南京:譯林出版社,2013。
尉遲淦編著,《生命倫理Bioethics》,台北:華都文化事業,2007。
輔仁神學著作編譯會,《神學詞語彙編》,台北:光啟文化事業,2005。
輔仁神學著作編譯會,《神學辭典》增修版,台北:光啟文化事業,2012。
潘小慧,《儒家倫理學與士林哲學》,台北市:至潔,2021。
戴正德、李明濱編著,《醫學倫理導論Introduction to Medical Ethics》,台北市:教育部,2006。
羅伯特.奧迪(Robert Audi)主編,《劍橋哲學辭典》,王思迅主編,台北市:貓頭鷹出版,2002。

四、中文期刊與會議論文
尤煌傑,〈引頸企盼的思維者:關於人的意義的考察〉,《應用心理研究》9(2001):87-114。
王琪、宋逢欣、顧乃平、陳金彌,〈畸胎兒生存權的倫理決策Ethical Decision Making for Fetuses with Congenital Abnormalities: The Right to Survive〉,《榮總護理》 29.4(2012):358-364。
王濤,〈賦魂與人化:聖多瑪斯.亞奎納的胚胎發生哲學Ensoulment and Hominization St. Thomas Aquinas’s Philosophical Embryogenesis〉,第十屆天主教國際學術研討會,多瑪斯哲學思想論壇─自然法、德行倫理與人的完滿實現,2019.5.24-25:141-163。
牛惠之;雷文玫,〈生物科技發展脈絡下之胚胎議題-一個法規範穩定思維的觀點〉,《律師雜誌》,285(2003.6.1):30-46。
白雪濤,〈人類胚胎幹細胞研究的倫理定位〉,《南京工業大學學報(社會科學版)》,8.4(2009.12):21-24。
成令方,〈2012年人工流產修法爭議之分析〉,《台灣衛誌》,34.1(2015):21-35。
艾立勤,〈天主教生命倫理觀的基本視域〉,《哲學與文化》30.1(2003):19-44。
艾立勤、戴宇光、甯永鑫,《評估早期胚胎的道德地位》,天主教輔仁大學神學院專題研究計畫,2008年。
沈清松,〈人的位格、愛與正義:高科技時代的倫理基礎與實踐〉,《輔仁宗教研究》,32(2016):195-224。
李幸玲、李幸穎,〈人類胚胎幹細胞道德地位之爭議-儒佛視域與當代醫學、法律的對話The Morality of Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells, from a Confucian and Buddhist Perspective: A Bioethics Debate in Contemporary Medicine and Law〉,《師大學報:語言與文學類》,58.2(2013):75-108。
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吳秀瑾,〈人類胚胎研究的倫理課題〉,《應用倫理研究通訊》,18(2001.4):22-30。
拉莫斯(Ramos, Alice);李佳馨,〈位格人與「自由的征服」 The Human Person and the "Conquest of Freedom"〉,《哲學與文化》33.9(2006):71-82。
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孫效智,〈論儒家現實擁有判準理論與等差之愛原則的人類胚胎觀點〉,《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》,42(2011):107-148。
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孫效智,〈生殖性人類複製的安全風險與個體獨特性問題〉,《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》,30(2005):55-89。
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高凌霞,〈位格思想與行動主體〉,《哲學與文化》,29.6(1996.6):9-27。
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張立明,〈人類胚胎幹細胞的倫理考量〉,《醫學教育》,8.2(2004):189-201。
陳英鈐,〈胚胎幹細胞研究管制的挑戰-如何避免黃禹錫事件在台灣重演〉,《臺北大學法學論叢》,67(2008.9):175-249。
陳英鈐,〈人類胚胎幹細胞研究的法問題-胚胎的基本權地位〉,《律師雜誌》,285(2003.6.1):16-29。
陳閔翔,〈德沃金「人性尊嚴原則」之理論意涵與實踐應用〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,29(2009.6):195-249。
張淑美、陳慧姿,〈尊重生命-由優生保健法第三章第九條論胎兒生命權的抉擇與維護〉,《生死學研究》,5(2007.1):1-42。
郭正典,〈佛教人類胚胎學〉,《佛學與科學》,6.1(2005.1):33-43。
游惠瑜,〈生命議題的倫理思考〉,《哲學與文化》,32.6( 2005.6):89-108。
曾仰如,〈存有者的類比概念之探微(上)〉,《哲學與文化》,13.7(1986.7):8-21。
曾仰如,〈存有者的類比概念之探微(下)〉,《哲學與文化》,13.8(1986.8):47-57。
蔡瑩瑩,〈哈里斯(John Harris)論胚胎的道德地位〉,《應用倫理研究通訊》,18(2001.4):16-21。
黃鼎元,〈多瑪斯•阿奎那論人的結構〉,《研究與動態》,14(2006):103-122。
張任之,〈對“人格”概念的現象學再考察〉,2019.08.27 ,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/aFMY9b3cLSdAzq2aU4ZhZQ (2019.8檢索)
楊美桂,〈基因革命─邁向完美或自我宰制〉,《哲學與文化》,30.1(2003):53-64。
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