“Speaking up (SpkUp)” refers to employee’s proactive behavior of expressing information, ideas, or suggestions with the intent to make constructive changes in work-related status quos toward supervisor. SpkUp is not only crucial to organizational survival and development, but also has been highly valued with fruitful research findings by many researchers and practitioners. However, there seems to be a distinctive phenomenon, which is similar to conceptual definition of SpkUp with different contents, such as “Jian-Yan (remonstrance)” of Ancient China in modern Chinese organizations. Thus, it’s worthy to make a thorough inquiry into what are the similarities and differences between this type of Jian-Yan and the existing concept of SpkUp? And, whether they can be integrated into a theoretical construct or not?
In order to clarify the similarities, differences, and theoretical integration between Chinese employee’s SpkUp and Jian-Yan, the following four studies were conducted in this dissertation. In study 1, an inductive research was implemented to shed light on the types of Chinese SpkUp from 102 critical incidents. The result shows Chinese SpkUp includes two etic dimensions, “promotive voice (PMV)” and “prohibitive voice (PHV)”, and one emic dimension, “Jian-Yan (JY)”. In study 2, a measure was developed for Chinese SpkUp based on Study 1 and its psychometric properties were examined. In study 3, an empirical research using a sample of 193 employees was conducted. The result shows JY has positive and unique effect on supervisor-rating and self-rating job performance, and a sense of self-worth about enhancing others’ well-being. The result also shows Chinese cultural values of other orientation strengthens the effect of JY on job performance, and perceived organizational support positively moderates the effect of PMV on a sense of self-worth about work-based self-esteem and the effect of PHV on a sense of self-worth about enhancing others’ well-being. In study 4, an empirical research using a sample of 161 employees collected by a two-stage survey method was applied. The result shows benevolent leadership has positive effect on JY and PMV, but authoritative leadership has negative effect on three types of Chinese SpkUp. The result also shows benevolent leadership and authoritative leadership have positive interaction on three types of Chinese SpkUp, and perceived supervisor’s “Zi-ji-ren (in-group member)” strengthens the positive effect of benevolent leadership on JY.
Finally, implications for main findings, limitations, future issues, and contributions are discussed.