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題名:宗教骨肉與性別階級—泰國「男」傳佛教的出家性
作者:劉康定
作者(外文):Pitch Sattrakulwong
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:人類學研究所
指導教授:謝世忠
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2021
主題關鍵詞:南傳佛教「男」傳佛教男性別階級皇國僧伽化出家性Theravada BuddhismMale-Theravada BuddhismMale-sexuality classRoyal-sanghalizationMale-monk class
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一般認為南傳佛教係泰國最具代表性的傳統宗教,而其教理的最關鍵原則即是只允准男性出家。完整的出家儀式,被用以確定真正男性的價值,而國家即居於維繫此一體制的主導角色。易言之,泰國南傳佛教在國家支持下,擁有對男性的詮釋權。國家透過此一特定規範,積極界定了「國家想要的男性」。此一與國家合體之南傳佛教獨有詮釋男性的權力,直接將泰國導向成為一偏執於異性戀的性別靜態化社會。無論泰國社會對同性戀接受度有多高,性觀光產業有多發達,夜生活有多盛行,在宗教領域上,卻只接受標準異性戀男或女二元性別認同的框架。縱使不少宗教性別研究者曾將重心放在宗教領域的男性群體,他們卻明顯缺乏深入探討「男性群體」多元性別階級運轉的動機。
本論文透過對南傳佛教「出家性」(sa-ma-na-payt)的分析,發現了該「男性群體」的性別階級作用方式。國家為了保護上層階級的各種利益,利用以皇家貴族為組成基礎的法宗派(Thammayut)男性論述,向大眾推廣利於自己的性別階級宇宙觀。在此一性別階級宇宙觀中「出家性」被視作最高且最神聖的階級,而「非出家性」群體的男身多元性別成員 (katoey),則屬最低階級。這是泰國國族主義「皇國僧伽化」(royal-sanghalization)發展過程的標記,也是泰國南傳佛教最重要「骨」。另一方面,經由筆者系統性的探索,本文指出泰國在大眾眼中的性別開放特質、性觀光產業盛行現象或同性戀的天堂等,都只是外在的「肉」表象而已。
透過對南傳佛教「骨」與「肉」的剖析,筆者認為,在泰國宗教具目的性而出現的靜態異性戀性別架構中,仍然可見動態流動與階級作用的事實。正是因為有這些活生生之具多元性別認同的「非出家性」,才反向顯現出泰國社會中「虛榮高貴」的出家性本質。筆者期待未來應更重視「非出家性」的討論,完整釐清泰國傳統以男性為主,並只限制男性可以出家的「男」傳佛教形質。藏在「肉」體裡面的「皇國僧伽化」(royal-sanghalization)之「骨」,才是應該要探討批判的議題。畢竟它就是泰國從南傳佛教,兌變成「男」傳佛教社會的主要原因。
Theravada Buddhism is one of the most important traditional religions in Thailand. Its key crucial feature is that only men are allowed to be ordained as monks. With state’s ideological support the religious authority owns power to direct ordained ritual for male subjects. Under the circumstances state-maleness has been made through religious processes. Thailand in some ways enjoys admiration from global eyes on her openness which includes tolerance of multi-sexual or trans-sexual individuals, popularity of sex tourism and a gay paradise being established. Nevertheless in religious sphere only heterosexual individual can be accepted as normal figure. It is true that quite a few researchers have been interested in related themes on relationships between male and religion, but we find only few had paid attentions to inner stories among so-called monospecific maleness in Theravada world.
In this dissertation I concentrate my analysis on “Thai Male-Monk” (sa-ma-na-payt) or literally acquiring a sexuality status through ordination and find that Thai state-directed nationalism drives the formation and consolidation of royal-sanghalization. By means of its success Thai Male-Theravada Buddhism has been well-moralized and develops male-sexuality class. It has also caught a superior position. In order to safeguard special interests of the upper class especially the Royal members and aristocrats Thai state, leading by the Royal- sect called Thammayut, applied the most honorable male-sexuality class to Thai society in contrast to the other lower units. The male-monks who are composed of this particular sexuality class are standing in the highest status. For those Thai male-transgender named katoey, they did not have opportunity to be ordained as monk so that totally are counted as the lowest class.
The existences of “Thai Male-Monk” and sexuality based on ordination as highest class tells us many core stories of the formulation of royal-sanghalization. The state together with Buddhism authority have made great efforts to keep a clearly-recognized position of the lowest class say people like katoey and then on the other hand verify the surreal Male-Monk class in a unshakable highest religious place. On the basis of my research I would like to suggest that anthropologists should contribute more on inner dynamics of Thai Buddhism and history of state and especially their influences and impacts on non-orthodoxy lower religious classes. The essence of Thai society through such efforts will be clarified and comprehensively understood.
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2016นาคไม่ใช่คน พุทธปะทะผี แล้วต่อรอง ในพิธีบวชนาค (nak maichai kon, pud pata pi, laew tor rong nai pitee buad nak)(Nak 不是人,是佛教與泛靈相逢,經協調而成為buad nak儀式), https://www.matichon.co.th/columnists/news_216181,2009年12月29日上線。
NBT
2019สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวพระราชทานอาหารสัตว์ ในนามคุณฟูฟู สุนัขทรงเลี้ยง แก่ศูนย์พักพิง สุนัข - แมวจรจัด ในพื้นที่จังหวัดเพชรบูรณ์ (somdet prajaoyuhua pra radchatan a han sad nai nam kun fu fu sunak song liang kae sun pakping sunak-maew jornjad nai peuntee jangwad Petchaburi) (國王以愛犬fu fu的名義,贈送寵物飼料給Petchaburi府的流浪寵物之家), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWk9oZDPvOw,2019年4月24日上線。
Narupon Duangwiset
2016Sex and Masculinity in Buddhism and the Control of Sex among Monks, Novices and Pandaka. Warasan Sangkhomsart Mahawittayalai Naresuan 12(1) Jan-Jun: 3-25.
2017aเพศในเขาวงกต: แนวคิดทฤษฏีเพศในวัฒนธรรมบริโภค (ped nai kao wongkot: naewkid tridsadee ped nai wattanatam boripok)(在迷宮的性別:消費文化的性別理論思想).กรุงเทพฯ:ศูนย์มานุษยาวิทยาสิรินธร องค์การมหาชน.
2017bเมื่อร่างกลายเป็นเพศ: อำนาจเสรีนิยมใหม่ของเพศวิถีในสังคมไทย (mua rang klai pen ped: amnad seriniyom mai korng ped witee nai sangkom Thai)(當身體變成性別:泰國社會性取向的新自由主義權力).กรุงเทพฯ: ศูนย์มานุษยาวิทยาสิรินธร องค์การมหาชน


Paivan
2020พระมหาไพรวัลย์ วรรณบุตร (pra maha paivan vannabut), https://www.facebook.com/paivan01/posts/950575175374828,2020年5月28日上線。
Phinyaphan Photchanalawan
2019ไทยปิฎก: ประวัติศาสตร์การเมืองสังคมร่วมสมัยของพุทธศานาไทย (Thai pidok: prawatisad kanmeuang sangkom ruamsamai korng pudtasadsana Thai)(泰藏:泰國現代政治社會的佛教歷史). กรุงเทพ: Illuminations Editions.
Phramaha Somjet Samajaree (Luangkan)
2016The Queer Achieves the Dhamma in Theravada Buddhism. MBU Education Journal: Faculty of Education , Mahamakut Buddhist University 4(2): July-December 2016.
Prachathai
2018กฏหมายคณะสงฆ์ เมื่ออาณาจักร-ศาสนจักร เดินทางมาบรรจบ (kod mai khan a sorng meua ar na jak-sad san a jak dern tang ma ban job)( 僧伽法:當世俗與神聖彼此相逢),https://prachatai.com/journal/2018/07/77906,2018年7月20日上線。
Prayudh Payutto
2013พจนานุกรมพุทธศาสตร์ฉบับประมวลศัพท์ (podjananukrom pudtasad chabab pramuan sab)(佛教的佛學辭典). กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์ ผลิธัมม์.
Silapawattanatham
2017ธรรมเนียมแต่งสวยก่อนบวช (tamniam taeng suai korn buad)(出家前的化妝習俗), https://www.silpa-mag.com/culture/article_13143 ,2020年10月9日上線。
Somkid saengchan
2017เพศวิถี (ที่รอการ) ศึกษาในพุทธศาสนา: ประกายความคิดเรื่องเพศวิถีในพุทธศาสนา กับตัวอย่างพระอรหันต์เพศวิถี (pedwitee ti ro kan suksa nai pudtasadsana: prakai kwamkid ruang pedwitee nai pudtasadsana kab tua yang pra arahan pedwitee)(等待研究之佛教性取向:關於佛教性取向思想與性取向羅漢比丘的例子), https://www.tcijthai.com/news/2017/11/article/7544, 2009年12月29日上線。

Springnews
2019ครูธัญ ส.ส.อนาคตใหม่ โพสต์ถามสังคม "พระตุ๊ด" ผิดตรงไหน!? (kru tan sor sor anakotmai post tam sangkom pra tud pid trong nai)(新未來黨立委Tan,po文質疑為何“娘”比丘犯了錯), https://www.springnews.co.th/social/578774,2019年11月24日上線。
Thairath
2009คณะสงฆ์ฯ ทวงคืนที่วัด ‘เมืองเพิร์ธ’ (kana song Thai tuang keun tiwat meuang Perth)( 泰國僧侶要求歸還伯斯市的寺院土地), https://www.thairath.co.th/content/55702,2009年12月29日上線。

2017ร.10 พระราชทาน อาหารสุนัขและแมว แก่สถานสงเคราะห์สัตว์ในจังหวัดภูเก็ต (ro sib pra radchatan a han sunak lae maew kae satansongkrorsad nai jangwad Phuket)(十世王贈送寵物飼料給普吉府的流浪寵物之家), https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/south/1014825,2017年7月24日上線。

Thongchai Winichakul
2001ประวัติศาสตร์ไทยแบบราชาชาตินิยม (prawatisadthai baeb racha chadniyom)(皇室國族主義的泰國歷史).ศิลปวัฒนธรรม 23(1): 56-65.
TPBS
2018พศ. ตรวจสอบ “อัจฉราวดี" เตโชวิปัสนา อ้างบรรลุธรรม (por sor truad sorb Atcharavadi techowipadsana ang banlutam)(泰國佛教辦公室檢查Atcharavadi關於自稱成道), https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/269634,2018年1月25日上線。
Tritrin
2020พุทธโยคินีตรัยตริณณ์ พรหมญาณโณ (pudtayokinitritrinpromyanno), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1c2GZEcofw,2020年8月28日上線。
Yos Santasombat
2005การทำความเข้าใจ เพศสถานะ และ เพศวิถี ในสังคมไทย (kantamkwamkaojai pedsatana lae pedwitee nai sangkom Thai)(了解泰國社會的性別認同和性取向). เพศสถานะ และ เพศวิถีในสังคมไทย, อมรา พงศาพิชญ์ บก., สำนักพิมพ์จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย 2005. หน้า 1-39
2016จากวานรถึงเทวดา: มาร์กซิสม์และมานุษยวิทยามาร์กซิสต์ (jak wannon teung tewada: Marxist lae manudsayawittaya Marxist) (從猿至仙:馬克思思想與馬克思人類學). กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์.
Waranee Pokapanichawong
2005พุทธศาสนาและมิติเรื่องเพศในสังคมไทย: วังวนวิชาการกับความพยายามทบทวนใหม่ (pudtasadsana lae miti ruang ped nai sangkom Thai: wangwon wichakan kab kwam payayam tobtuan mai)(在泰國社會的佛教與性別:學術同溫層和努力爬書的新思考). เพศสถานะ และ เพศวิถีในสังคมไทย, อมรา พงศาพิชญ์ บก., สำนักพิมพ์จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย2005. หน้า 85-143.
Woratipa Sattayanusakkul
2019หญิงร้าย (ying rai)(壞女人). กรุงเทพ: ยิปซี
 
 
 
 
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