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題名:從「想像」到「表現」 論科林伍德藝術哲學
作者:林欣儀
作者(外文):LIN, SHIN-YI
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:哲學系
指導教授:尤煌傑
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:科林伍德想像情感表現《藝術原理》《詩學》《荒原》希臘悲劇R. G. CollingwoodimaginationemotionexpressionThe Principles of ArtThe PoeticsThe Waste LandGreek tragedy
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科林伍德(Robin George Collingwood, 1889—1943)是二十世紀英國哲學家、美學家、歷史學家,他將藝術定義為「以想像表現情感」,並認為英國詩人艾略特(T. S. Eliot)的《荒原》(The Waste Land)為真藝術,亞里斯多德《詩學》(The Poetics)推崇的悲劇為偽藝術,是娛樂技藝。對於此觀點,本論文將根據其理論,以「想像」與「情感」兩個面向來探討。
首先,本文在哲學史與科林伍德著作中對想像作探究。科林伍德跟隨康德,視想像為認識的必要能力,具有先驗性、普遍性與必然性。然,想像同時是知識與藝術的必要能力,僅是想像作用無法區辨學科知識與藝術領會。本文認為引發藝術想像的關鍵是對象的「詩性」,主要呈現為「隱喻」。當代研究亦指出,認識某對象是以整體生活脈絡「隱喻地想像」它,藝術詮釋亦是如此。雖然藝術是想像,但卻以表現情感為完成。科林伍德認為藝術情感為意識辯證中,對應於想像的一個徵候,是透過情緒的騷動與撫平而知道它發生與完成,他稱之為「特殊審美情感」,依據科林伍德的描述,在美學討論中,此情感的對象是雜多不一的;本文利用康德的先驗範疇,確定審美情感性質,與愉悅經驗比對,發現科林伍德所稱之「特殊審美情感」為「崇高」與「善」。
最後,本文以其理論反省《詩學》與《荒原》,並比較兩類希臘悲劇(巫術與娛樂)與意象詩。依照科林伍德,古希臘悲劇是巫術,《詩學》倡導的悲劇是娛樂,兩者皆為模擬情感的偽藝術,《荒原》則為表現情感的真藝術。經探討,本文認為,《荒原》確實具有真藝術性,但對《詩學》的指控,特別是情感上,本文提出辯駁,認為僅想像與表現情感,不足區辨兩者的藝術經驗,因為將想像與情感置於意識辯證中,必定在各觀念間產生定義重疊與矛盾。
Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943) is a 20th-century British philosopher, aesthetician, and historian. He defined art as imaginatively expressing emotions, and regarded The Waste Land, wrote by British poet, T. S. Eliot (1888-1965), as “art proper”, while the Greek Tragedies Aristotle’s The Poetics recommended, “pseudo-art”, the amusement crafts. This essay will judge this viewpoint based on his theory in two facets: “imagination” and “emotions”.
First, this essay investigates imagination in philosophical discussion and Collingwood’s works. Following Kant, Collingwood regarded imagination as a natural ability to knowing, which is transcendental, universal and necessary. Imagination is the key ability for both knowledge and art. However, imaginative activity itself cannot tell the difference from scientific knowledge to artistic comprehension. According to this research, what arouses artistic imagination is “the poetic” of an object, presented mainly as “metaphor”. Contemporary researches also point out that human knowing is “metaphorically imagining”, based on the context of whole life, and so is the understanding of art.
Although art is imaginary, it is accomplished by expressing emotions. As for artistic emotions, Collingwood regarded them as the reflections to imagination during the dialectical process in consciousness. We know them just through their turmoil and smoothing. Collingwood called them “specific aesthetic emotions” or “pleasure”. Based on his descriptions, this essay tries to find the matching objects in the discussions of Aesthetics, but the result shows numerous and confused. As for the nature of the aesthetic emotions themselves, this article uses Kantian transcendental categories to define them by four moments, and concludes that Collingwood's aesthetic emotions are “Sublime” and “Good”.
Finally, this article judges Collingwood’s criterion of art with The Poetics and The Waste Land, and compares two types of Greek tragedies (Magic and Entertainment) with “Imagery poetry”. According to Collingwood's definition, ancient Greek tragedies are Magic, while the Greek tragedies advocated by Aristotle’s The Poetics are entertainment, both are pseudo-arts for their simulating the emotions. Truly, The Waste Land is “art proper” in terms of imagination and expression of emotions, but this article refutes Collingwood's accusation against The Poetics, especially on the emotions. The conclusion is that neither imagination nor expressing emotions could not explain the actual experiences, because placing them in the dialectical consciousness would not easy to distinguish each concept and always results in paradoxes in definitions.
一、科林伍德與相關研究專書
1.Collingwood, R. G., Speculum Mentis or The Map of Knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
2.Collingwood, R. G., The Principles of Art, Oxford University Press, 1938.
3.Collingwood, R. G., An autobiography. New York: Oxford Univ. Pr, 1939.
4.Collingwood, R. G., An Essay on Metaphysics. Oxford University Press,1940.
5.Collingwood, R. G., Outline of a Philosophy of Art. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1997.
6.Collingwood, R. G., The Idea of History, edited by T. M. Knox. Oxford University Press, 1946.
7.Collingwood, R. G., An essay on philosophical method. Bristol: Thoemmes, 1995.
8.Collingwood, R. G., An essay on philosophical method. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
9.Donagan, Alan, Later philosophy of R. G. Collingwood. Oxford: Clarendon Press, c1962.
10.Dussen, W. J. Van Der., History as a science: the philosophy of R. G. Collingwood. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Pub, 1981.
11.Johnson, Peter, R.G. Collingwood: an introduction. Bristol, England; Dulles, Va: Thoemmes, 1998.
12.Karim Dharamsi, Giuseppina D' Oro, Stephen Leach, ed., Collingwood on philosophical methodology. Cham: Springer International Publishing: Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
13.Mink, Louis O., Mind, history, and dialectic: the philosophy of R. G. Collingwood. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1987.
14.Tomlin, Eric Walter Frederick, R. G. Collingwood. London: Longmans, Green, 1961.
15.羅賓•喬治•科林伍德著 ,王志元、陳華中譯,《藝術原理》。北京:中國社會科學出版社,新華書店發行,1985。
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5.Emblom, William John, The Theory of Reality in the Pilosophy of R. G. Collingwood, University of Illinois, Ph. D., 1962.
6.Stormer, Gerald Douglass, The Early Hegelianism of R. G. Collingwood, Ph. D., Tulane University, 1970.
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8.Springer Nature: https://link-springer-com.autorpa.lib.fju.edu.tw/
9.國家教育研究院辭書:https://terms.naer.edu.tw/
10.維基百科:http://zh.wikipedia.org

 
 
 
 
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