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題名：《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》下氣候外交及金融機制之發展
作者：方肇頤
作者(外文)：Fang, Chao-yi
校院名稱：國立政治大學
系所名稱：外交學系
指導教授：陳貞如
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2022
主題關鍵詞：氣候外交；氣候金融機制；《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》；《巴黎協定》第6條；綠色氣候基金；全球環境基金；調適基金；南北衝突；共同但有區別的責任；碳市場機制及非市場機制；UNFCCC；Climate Finance；CBDR；Paris Agreement；Kyoto Protocol；Market Mechanism；GCF；GEF；AP；Global South/North Divide and Conflict
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1994年所通過的《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》標示著人類社會開始共同努力，減少氣候變遷對環境所致生的負面衝擊。各國利用公約體系所建構的「國際建制」（International Regimes）平台，在接近30年間不斷進行密集協商，進而推動一連串的氣候外交談判，針對各項議題制定相關國際法制架構以為因應。但在談判過程中，開發中的南方國家及已開發的北方國家對於減量責任分擔、氣候資金來源及後續氣候行動的落實，仍是難以形成普遍共識，其中又以牽涉到實質資金投入的財務金融議題更為爭議之所在。
　　因此，以氣候公約體系為核心的外交談判，為了緩解開發中及已開發兩大國家集團的對立，並合理分配歷史責任，承襲了國際環境法所發展出來的「共同但有區別的責任」原則（Common but Differentiated Responsibilities; CBDR），要求各國在共同推動人類對抗氣候變遷的行動之下，承擔不同程度的責任。據此，全世界不分南北方國家才能逐漸針對氣候行動機制、資金來源及分配的方法緩慢地達成共識，形成國際上新的一套「氣候金融」（climate financing）架構，在氣候公約體系的法律架構下發展出獨特的跨國金融機制。
　　然而，各國長期遵循「共同但有區別的責任」原則，將開發中及已開發國家所承擔的責任做出差異之區別，即便氣候金融機制已確立由已開發國家出資的原則，但在談判過程中出資承諾及比例的意見相左，卻也同時激化兩大陣營的對立，進而導致氣候公約體系及後續的《京都議定書》機制運作，一直以來成效不彰，凸顯出國際氣候談判本質上的矛盾。
所幸經各國努力不懈的外交政治協商，在2015年《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》第21次締約方會議通過劃時代的《巴黎協定》（Paris Agreement），總算建構出更為合理的氣候義務承擔之方式，明確規定各締約方之國際法義務，並廣納南北各國之政治立場，同時針對氣候資金之管理運作方針達成新的共識，建立《巴黎協定》第6條有關市場及非市場機制等相關規定。
　　綜觀整個氣候外交談判的過程，氣候資金的議題一直以來都是南北國家之間最需要進行政治折衝的核心關鍵，尤其是已開發國家是否主動支持氣候公約體系的運作，並提供適時適當的財務支持，以換取開發中國家願意共同面對減量承諾，更是氣候行動之成敗所在。即便《巴黎協定》及其第6條建立了許多新的財務機制，未來各國似乎可衡量自己的國力做出相應承諾，並取得對應資金，但國際政治的談判是一個相對動態的發展過程，在《巴黎協定》規則書通過之後，新的金融機制是否能夠順利運行，過程中當仍充滿各國國家利益的角力。
最後，本文將自外交及國際法的研究角度切入，以《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》及其後續共識做為研究基礎，分析「國際氣候金融」機制在國際談判上及國際法律建制之發展脈絡，進而檢討缺失及指出未來可能的發展。
The establishment of the UNFCCC represented the joint effort of humankind to address climate change issues. This international regime for multilateral cooperation aims to resolve the negative impact caused by climate change. However, despite all the progress in the collective attempts, the long last divide between developing and developed countries has grown even deeper, because how the costs of climate actions should be shared still remains unsettled. In reality, developing countries are impacted more by climate change and less able to cope, even though they are less responsible for causing climate change.
Therefore, in response to the conflicts between two groups, the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) has been introduced to UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It calls for financial assistance from developed countries to those developing countries with fewer resources. In other words, the principles set out in the Convention and its following agreements require developed country parties to provide financial resources to assist developing country parties in implementing the objectives of the UNFCCC.
For more than 2 decades, The CBDR principle has successfully navigated the negotiation process and further eased the constant tension between developed and developing countries. Due to that principle, it would be possible for the climate negotiation to reach a consensus for future climate action including the financial structure, but it might also further divide these two groups.
In 2015, the Paris Agreement reaffirmed the obligation of developed countries under the new interpretation of the CBDR, while for the first time establishing a more reasonable way of defining the sharing responsibility for conducting climate actions. The easing of the rigid separation between these two groups, by applying the new rules of CBDR, helps both parties to initiate a new conversation in the post-Paris Agreement era. The conversation led to relatively successful climate negotiation outcomes in the following years, which gave all the parties a chance to reach a new agreement. The following agreements further clarify the rule of climate finance and explain the means to implement the Paris Agreement, especially for article 6, the market and non-market mechanism.
After reviewing the decades-long climate negotiation process, we found that whether the developed country could keep its promise to deliver financial support has always been the key element to achieving collective climate goals. Although the Paris Agreement and article 6 of the market mechanism seem to be forming a new way of achieving the climate goal, there are still a lot of doubts among developing parties.
Thus, this thesis will be using the perspectives of both theories of international law and international relations to analyze the possible development of the UNFCCC negotiation process and the outcomes of the climate finance mechanism. The interaction of these two theories will be elaborated in comprehensive methods and case studies in order to point out the new path to climate negotiation.
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