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題名:產學協作雙元治理之實證研究
作者:楊惠雯
作者(外文):Yang, Hui-Wen
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:企業管理學系
指導教授:方世杰
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:產學協作交易治理知識治理合作協調University-industry collaborationTransaction governanceKnowledge governanceCooperationCoordination
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創新是企業在激烈的競爭環境下必須面對的重要課題,企業與學界的協作逐漸被視為一種透過知識交換來強化創新的重要工具,雖然產學協作可藉由產學雙方在知識、技術、能力及資源之互補性創造更大價值,但是產學協作比一般商業協作,更常因為組織目標、任務、利益、工作流程或處事態度不同而更容易失敗,歷年來許多管理研究學者紛紛投入探討影響產學協作成敗的因素,然而目前還是針對產學協作成敗的表徵作探討,也偏重於協作前的夥伴選擇,甚少討論產學協作過程中之管理議題。
由於在實務上,台灣未若歐美,在某些科技領域幾乎無可挑選協作夥伴的機會。對於企業則是更想知道如何管理產學協作以達成預期的產學效益,降低協作失敗所帶來的金錢、時間甚是聲譽損失。因此本研究聚焦於探討企業在產學協作進行過程中治理之道,希冀這些管理實務背後的理論觀點可以補充產學協作研究文獻之缺口,在實務上也可作為業界之借鏡與典範學習。
本研究以組織間協作關係本質與雙元治理(交易治理與知識治理)為理論基礎,並以協作(collaboration)應具有合作(cooperation)與協調(coordination)特徵來探討企業如何排除協作危機障礙、順遂協作過程以達成預期目標效益,並進一步探討在產學協作中雙元治理之交互作用。透過多元個案實證,本研究發現企業在產學協作過程中之治理比過往研究文獻所偏重的先天條件(例如: 雙方熟悉度、知識相近度、地理位置相近度等)更為關鍵,即使先天條件不具優勢,仍可透過協作過程中之治理使產學雙方能齊心協力達成協作預期效益。因此本研究認為焦點組織(企業)應當針對產學協作過程中潛在的道德危機與認知障礙,布建相對應之合作機制與協調能力,並將之定義為「產學協作雙元治理」,意旨企業必須同時極小化協作過程中可能發生的危機與障礙,與極大化協作過程中預期共同創造之價值。
基於目標校準之合作機制是在協作過程中以「同行共好」策略來發展誘因或激勵,使協作夥伴維持合作意願並持續對協作關係投入承諾與貢獻;同時,企業必須有足夠協調能力去建構產學雙方共事所需的共識,使學界夥伴的研發行動或方向能與企業的需求協同一致(行動校準),在凝心聚力的正向循環交互強化作用中形成互惠信任與協調融洽的雙贏夥伴關係,達成產學協作預期效益。
最後,本研究也發現企業對於產學協作的治理方式會隨著產學雙方關係的穩定性、技術研究的發展動態而改變與演進,在過程中企業有時必須關注的是合作問題,有時待解決的則是協調問題,治理的目的就是解決來自行為不確定性與任務複雜性而影響達成協作目標的問題,使所有參與協作的成員在共同目標與共同認知之導引下,提升互動效率與效能。因此產學協作雙元治理並不是照本宣科的制式管理規範,而是時時刻刻以行動者(actors)與活動任務(tasks)為導向,治理應聚焦於動態性校準協作成員的動機、目標、資源與能力,應該採用視協作任務環境的變動而靈活應變的動態管理。
The collaboration between firm and university is an important vehicle for innovation and new product development in the knowledge-intensive industries. Although both of firm and university can gain benefits, activating a joint research collaboration does not necessarily guarantee its success. The effective collaboration may depend on firm's management capabilities to overcome the challenges of inter-organizational teamwork between industrial engineers and academic researchers. Drawing on the perspective of cooperation and coordination as the two indispensable facets of the collaboration, we discuss the governance mechanism to mitigate the potential moral hazards and cognitive barriers in university-industry collaboration. We further explore the governance practices based on the qualitative research among multiple cases in different knowledge-intensive industries. Our study shows that geographic proximity, prior relationship, or knowledge proximity with academic partners is insufficient for sustaining an effective collaboration. This study scrutinizes firm's collaborative
capabilities to win the cooperation of academic partners and enhance the inter-organizational coordination in the execution stage of collaboration. We propose a
conceptual framework of dual governance on university-industry collaboration to shed the light on the management of collaborative innovation. This research also provides practical guidance for managers at firms to develop effective collaborations with academics.
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