人工智慧與戰爭法—交戰規則與國際人道法對AI武器之規範研究_

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外文摘要
參考文獻

題名：	人工智慧與戰爭法—交戰規則與國際人道法對AI武器之規範研究
作者：	廖桂瑩
作者(外文)：	Liao, Kuei-Ying
校院名稱：	國立清華大學
系所名稱：	科技法律研究所
指導教授：	黃居正
學位類別：	博士
出版日期：	2022
主題關鍵詞：	人工智慧武器；戰爭法；國際人道法；交戰規則；Artificial Intelligence Weapons；Law of War；International humanitarian law；Rules of Engagement
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:3

暴力及武力貫穿了人類的歷史，也在社會文明及法律的演進中扮演著重要的角色。關於發動戰爭是否師出有名、如何在殺戮中喚起人類的理智並約束彼此的作戰行為，這些問題自古至今一直存在著，使得戰爭法成為國際法最古老的分支之一。除此之外，如何保護那些因為戰爭而陷入困境的平民及傷兵，使之受到基本的人道待遇與尊重，這些關於人道的思維則在另一股力量的推動下促成國際人道法的發展。在歷經兩次世界大戰的生靈塗炭後，各國同意在維持國際和平及安全的基礎上組建聯合國組織，《聯合國憲章》明確規範禁止所有會員國單方面的使用武力，並確立了武力不行使原則，試圖以此消除破壞和平的威脅。然於現實上，各種不同型態的武裝衝突卻始終未曾消減，隨著技術提升而日益強化的軍事武力，更對國際秩序與既有的國際法律規範帶來新的挑戰。
新興科技的應用改變了人類的生活模式，人工智慧技術帶來的潛在利益與前景，被視為國際競爭中能否引領未來的關鍵，而結合軍事與人工智慧的AI武器，更在全球掀起新的軍事革命浪潮。然而，這類武器的運用不僅在法律、道德及技術面引發爭議，也對以人為主體的戰爭法及國際人道法規則帶來衝擊。為此，本論文從武器法及打擊法等法律視角，就AI武器本身及其使用上的合法性進行檢驗，嘗試解構其所涉的爭議問題。另以軍事實務的觀點，構思如何將AI武器融入作戰打擊決策，並草擬運用AI武器時的具體交戰規則，也藉此機會就既有的交戰規則提出反思與檢討。本論文認為，如欲確保AI武器受到人為控制，則電腦永遠不能與人類的意志節抗，當發生人機意見相左的情況，應堅守「最終控制原則」由人類進行最後的決定並為此負責。為使AI武器符合國際法的規則，本論文以為有必要建構國家的武器審查機制，同時就法律審查與技術評估進行整合，使武器的適法性、安全性自研發階段即受到正視與遵守。鑑於國際現實及諸多複雜因素，重新調整既有的戰爭法、國際人道法或締結多邊條約以對應技術發展，就現階段而言的可能性並不高。透過框架公約、軍備控制架構予以監管雖看似可行，但如何使之與商業技術創新取得平衡，卻非易事。透過相關軟法措施，漸進式的建立國際社會納管AI武器的共識，將是管理新興武器最可能被接受的道路。

以文找文

Violence and the display of power through mean of wars and battles have dominated throughout human history, and play an integral role in the evolution of civilization and law. Questions that continues to exist since ancient times include: (1) whether there is a justification for resorting to armed forces, (2) how to maintain humanity and stay rational in the killing process, and (3) how to control or contain combat behavior amongst the parties involved. These questions are the main reason why the law of war is one of the oldest branches of international law. Meanwhile, the issue of ensuring that civilians and the wounded during these wars are treated humanely and with respect also contribute to the development of international humanitarian law. After suffering from the ravages of the First and Second World Wars, all states agreed to form a United Nations organization to upkeep and maintain international peace and security. The United Nations Charter clearly prohibits the unilateral use of force by all member states, and establishes the principle of non-use of force, in an attempt to eliminate any threat to World stability and world peace. Unfortunately, despite these measures, various types of armed conflicts continue to surge around the world. With technology advancement in recent decades, growing military power and capabilities have brought new challenges to the international order and existing international legal norms.
New, emerging technologies have drastically changed how we live and re-shape the world we live in. Since AI weapons incorporates both military and artificial intelligence, the development of these weapons have unleashed a new wave of global military revolution. However, the use of such weapons not only results in legal, ethical and technical debates but also has implications in the human-centered rules of both law of war and international humanitarian law. In view of the above, this paper aims to evaluate the legitimacy and the usability of AI weapons from the legal perspectives of weapons law and targeting law, and attempt to deconstruct related controversial issues. At the same time, from a military perspective, this paper will consider the use of AI weapons in the military decision-making process, provide a foundation for specific rules of engagement on AI weapons, and review the existing rules of engagement. This study proposes that if we wish to have full control of AI weapons, computers should never be allowed to operate against human will. When there is a conflict of opinion between humans and machines, the "principle of ultimate control" should be adhered, the final decision and responsibility should rest on the human operator. In order to make AI weapons consistent with the rules of international law, it is necessary to establish a national weapons review mechanism, and integrate legal review with technical evaluation. In doing so, the legality and security of weapons can be assessed and implemented at the research and development stage. In the current situation, given the international reality and many complex factors, it is unlikely to amend the existing laws of war, international humanitarian law or promote multilateral treaties to govern technological development. Although regulation through the framework convention or arms control framework seems feasible, the question is how to strike a balance between maintaining control and the development of commercial technological innovation. By means of certain non-binding measures, gradually establishing an international consensus on the regulation of AI weapons will probably be the most acceptable way to deal with such emerging weapons.

以文找文

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