:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:語言、大腦與時間的相遇:漢語的觀點
作者:理克
作者(外文):Collart, Aymeric
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:英語學系
指導教授:詹曉蕙
齊莉莎
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:漢語構詞句法學時間觀念時貌神經語言學事件相關電位類型神經語言學MandarinmorphosyntaxtimeaspectneurolinguisticsERPneurotypology
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:1
時間被視為人類認知中至關重要的概念,時間標記則因語言而異。不過,大腦處理時間標記仍然不清楚。現今絕大多數的相關研究皆是針對印歐語系語言中的「時態」(tense)標記。本論文將要探討漢語中的「了」及「過」兩個「時貌」(grammatical aspect)標記和過去時間的關係,以及大腦如何處理「了」及「過」之時間標記。首先,本論文針對漢語中存在已久的「了」及「過」是否具有「時態」成分之辯論提供反證,並且主張「了」及「過」被用於表示過去時間是因為其時貌特徵。本論文將兩者時貌特徵與表示過去時間的關係分析成對應到不同語法的意義、功能:「了」對應到「時間先後關係」的認知功能,而「過」對應到「時間定位」的認知功能。接著,本論文透過三個採用事件相關電位(event-related potential,稱ERP)技術的實驗測試/探討以上的分析。相關結果顯現了兩種質變上不同的效果進而支持上述分析:「了」在時間標記上的大腦處理誘發前腦及早期之負極性波幅(early frontal negativity),而「過」則是誘發晚期之正極性波幅(P600),此外,「了」及「過」在時間標記上的大腦處理方式與「了」及「過」在時貌上(非時間上)不同。最後,為使以上兩種大腦處理方式有廣義的且跨語言的功能解釋,本論文將漢語的時貌標記在時間上的大腦處理與印歐語系的時態標記在時間上的大腦處理方式做相互對比:前腦及早期之負極性波幅(early frontal negativity)被視為反映「時間先後關係」的認知功能,晚期之正極性波幅(P600) 被視為反映「時間定位」的認知功能。總而言之,本論文採用以上分析及證據提供大腦如何處理時間標記之類型神經語言學模式。
Time, a crucial concept in human cognition, is differently encoded from one language to another. Yet, how time in language is processed in the brain remains unclear, as such an investigation was mainly conducted based on tense marking in Indo-European languages. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how past time is expressed in Mandarin with the grammatical aspect markers LE and GUO, as well as how the expression of past time with LE and GUO is processed in the brain. First, this dissertation takes side in the long-standing debate in the linguistic literature concerning whether LE and GUO encode tense in addition to aspect information. Pieces of evidence are brought against the tense analysis of LE and GUO. It is further argued that LE and GUO are used to express past time based on their respective aspectual characteristics, linked with different grammatical processes: ‘temporal sequencing’ for LE and ‘temporal localization’ for GUO. Second, the proposed analysis is tested with a set of three event-related potential (ERP) experiments, in which the temporal and aspectual processing in the brain of LE and GUO is investigated. Results from the ERP experiments support the proposed analysis, in that the processing of time with LE and GUO is reflected by qualitatively distinct ERP signatures: an early frontal negativity for LE, and a P600 for GUO. In addition, these ERP components are different from the ones found concerning the processing of aspect with LE and GUO. Third, the processing of time in the brain with grammatical aspect in Mandarin is contrasted with the one with tense in Indo-European, in order to state a generalized functional account of the above ERP signatures: the early frontal negativity is related to the cognitive operation of ‘temporal sequencing’, and the P600 to the one of ‘temporal localization’. In sum, the pieces of evidence exposed in this dissertation allow us to formulate a neurotypological model of the processing of time in the brain.
Allen, M., Badecker, W, & Osterhout, L. (2003). Morphological analysis in sentence processing: An ERP study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(4), 405–430.
Arnott, D.W. (1970). The nominal and verbal system of Fula. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bache, C. (1982). Aspect and Aktionsart: towards a semantic distinction. Journal of Linguistics, 18(1), 57–72.
Baggio, G. (2008). Processing temporal constraints: An ERP study. Language Learning, 58(1), 35–55.
Baggio, G., van Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort P. (2012). Language, linguistics and cognition. In R. Kempson, T. Fernando, & N. Asher (Eds.). Handbook of the philosophy of science (vol. 14, pp. 325–355). Amsterdam, Boston: North Holland.
Bastiaanse, R., Bamyaci, E., Hsu, C.-J., Lee, J., Duman, T. Y., & Thompson, C. K. (2011). Time reference in agrammatic aphasia: A cross-linguistic study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24(6), 652–673.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.
van Berkum, J. J. A., Hagoort, P., & Brown, C. M. (1999). Semantic integration in sentences and discourse: evidence from the N400. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11(6), 657–671.
Bhat, D. N. S. (1999). The prominence of tense, aspect, and mood. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Biondo, N., Bergamini, E., & Vespignani, F. (2021). The processing of temporal concord in sentences: an ERP investigation into the role of verb-adverb distance. In V. Torrens (Ed.), Syntax Processing (pp. 1–47), Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Bohnemeyer, J. (2014). Aspect vs. relative tense: the case reopened. Natural Language & Lingusitic Theory, 32(3), 917–954.
Boogaart, R. (1999). Aspect and temporal ordering. A contrastive analysis of Dutch and English. [Doctoral dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]. LOT Publications repository. https://www.lotpublications.nl/aspect-and-temporal-ordering-a-contrastive-analysis-of-dutch-and-english.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2013a). 11 Neurotopology: modeling crosslinguistic similarities and differences in the neurocognition of language comprehension. In M. Sanz, I. Laka, & M. K. Tanenhaus (Eds.). Language down the garden path: the cognitive and biological basis for linguistic structures (pp. 241–252). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2013b). Reconciling time, space and function: a new dorsal-ventral stream model of sentence comprehension. Brain & Language, 126, 60–76.
Bos, L. S., Dragoy, O., Stowe, L. A., & Bastiaanse, R. (2013). Time reference teased apart from tense: Thinking beyond the present. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), 283–297.
Bos, L. S., Bastiaanse, R., Ries, J., and Wartenburger, I. (2014, September 19-24). The neural correlates of past time reference. Paper presented at the International Science of Aphasia Conference XV, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
Bott, O. (2010). Chapter 7. The processing of temporality in the brain. In The Processing of Events (pp. 197–233). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Boulin, M. (2017). Now and xianzai: a contrastive study of two deictic adverbs. Languages in Contrast, 17(1), 1–17.
Brouwer, H, & Crocker, M. W. (2017). On the proper treatment of the N400 and P600 in language comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1327.
Bugenhagen, R. D. (1994). The semantics of irrealis in the Austronesian languages of Papua New Guinea. In Reesink, G. P. (Ed.), Topics in Austronesian linguistics (pp. 1–39). Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.
Butler, C. (2008). Cognitive adequacy in structural-functional theories of language. Language Sciences, 30(1), 1–30.
Caffarra, S., Mendoza, M., & Davidson, D. (2019). Is the LAN effect in morphosyntactic processing an ERP artifact? Brain and Language, 191, 9–16.
Chang, W. (2014). extrafont: Tools for using fonts. R package version 0.17. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=extrafont.
Chao, Y. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Chappell, H. (2001). A typology of evidential markers in Sinitic languages. In H. Chappell (Ed.), Sinitic Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives (pp. 56–84). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chen, G.-T. (1979). The aspect markers le, guo, and zhe in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 14(2), 27–46.
Cohn, N. (2020). Your brain on comics: a cognitive model of visual narrative comprehension. Topics in Cognitive Science, 12(1), 352–386.
Cohn, N., Paczynski, M., Jackendoff, R., Holcomb, P. J., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2012). (Pea)nuts and bolts of visual narrative: Structure and meaning in sequential image comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 65(1), 1–38.
Collart, A. (2018, May 26-28). When time is a fact: A semantic and time-relational analysis of ‘you + VP’ in Taiwan Mandarin. Paper presented at the 19th Chinese lexical semantics workshop (CLSW-19). National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
Collart, A., & Chan, S.-H. (2021). Processing past time reference in a tenseless language: an ERP study on the Mandarin aspectual morphemes -le and -guo. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 59, 100998.
Collart, A. & Su, K. (forthcoming). Expressing the existence of an event with ‘you (to have) + VP’ in Taiwan Mandarin: A corpus-based investigation. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. [Accepted manuscript].
Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, B. (1985). Tense. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cornish, F. (2018). Revisiting the system of English relative clauses: structure, semantics, discourse functionality. English Language and Linguistics, 22(3), 431–456.
Culioli, A. (1982, August 29 – September 4). The role of metalinguistic representation in syntax. Paper presented at the 13th Congress of Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan.
Dahl, Ö. (1985). Tense and aspect systems. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Dai, Y. (1997). Xiandai Hanyu shiti xitong yanjiu [Study on the temporal system of modern Mandarin Chinese]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Press.
Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9–21.
DeLancey, S. (2001). The mirative and evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 369–382.
Depraetere, I. (1996). Foregrounding in relative clauses. Linguistics, 34(4), 699–731.
Dickey, S. (2015). 19 Lexical and grammatical aspect. In N. Riemer (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Semantics (pp. 338–353). London: Routledge.
Dillon, B., Nevins, A., Austin, A. C., & Philips, C. (2011). Syntactic and semantic predictors of tense in Hindi: an ERP investigation. Language and Cognitive Processes, 3, 313–344.
Dowty, D. R. (1979). Word meaning and Montague Grammar: The semantics of verbs and times in Generative Semantics and Montague’s PTQ. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 7, Kluwer, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Dragoy, O., Stowe, L. A., Bos, L. S., & Bastiaanse, R. (2012). From time to time: Processing time reference violations in Dutch. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(1), 307–325.
Drummond, A. (2013). Ibex farm. Online server: http://spellout.net/ibexfarm.
Fonteneau, E., Frauenfelder, U., & Rizzi, L. (1998). On the contribution of ERPs to the study of language comprehension. Bulletin Suisse de Linguistique Appliquée, 68, 111–124.
Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91(4), 1357–1392.
Friederici, A. D., Hahne, A., & Mecklinger, A. (1996). Temporal structure of syntactic parsing: early and late event-related brain potential effects. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 22(5), 1219–1248.
Grey, S., Tanner, D., & van Hell, J. G. (2017). How right is left? Handedness modulates neural responses during morphosyntactic processing. Brain Research, 1669, 27–43.
de Haan, F. (2006). Typological approaches to modality. In W. Frawley (Ed.), The Expression of Modality (pp. 27–70). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hagoort, P. (2003). How the brain solves the binding problem for language: a neurocomputational model of syntactic processing. NeuroImage, 20(Suppl. 1), S18–S29.
Hagoort, P. (2016). Chapter 28. MUC (Memory, Unification, Control): a model on the neurobiology of language beyond single word processing. In G., Hickok, & S. Small (Eds.), Neurobiology of language (pp. 339–347). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Holler, A. (2018). A discourse-relational approach to continuation. In A., Benz, & P. Kühnlein (Eds.), Constraints in Discourse (pp. 249–265). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Huang, L. M.-J., (1987). Aspect: a general system and its manifestation in Mandarin Chinese. [Doctoral dissertation, Rice University]. Rice Digital Scholarship Archive repository. https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/16067.
Huang, L. M.-J., & Davis, P. W. (1989). An aspectual system in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17(1), 128–166.
Hunter, J. (2012). Now: a discourse-based theory. In M. Aloni, V. Kimmelman, F. Roelofsen, G. Sassoon, K. Schulz, & M. Westera (Eds.). Logic, Language and Meaning: 18th Amsterdam Colloquium, Revised Selected Papers (pp. 371–380). Heidelberg: Springer.
Iljic, R. (1990). The verbal suffix -guo in Mandarin Chinese and the notion of recurrence. Lingua, 81(4), 301–326.
Iljic, R. (2009). Grammaticalization of the notion of “passing” in Chinese (aspectual values). Bulletin of SOAS, 72(3), 513–524.
Iljic, R. (2010). Holisticity, discontinuity, class in Chinese aspect. Language Research, 46(2), 147–198.
Jung, T.-P., Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2000). Removal of eye artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, 1745–1758.
Kaan, E., & Swaab, T. Y. (2003). Electrophysiological evidence for serial sentence processing: a comparison between non-preferred and ungrammatical continuations. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(3), 621–635.
Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., & Holcomb, P. (2000). The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(2), 159–201.
Khoo, Y. K., & Lin, J. (2020). A corpus-based investigation of yǒu in Singapore Mandarin: The case for an existential perfect marker. In Q. Su & W. Zhan (Eds.), From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct: Corpus-based, Near Synonym Driven Approaches to Chinese Lexical Semantics (pp. 101–118). Beijing: Beijing University Press.
Kim, A., & Osterhout, L. (2005). The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Memory and Language, 52(2), 205–225.
Klein, W. (1994). Time in language. London, New York: Routledge.
Klein, W., Li, P., and Hendricks, H. (2000). Aspect and Assertion in Mandarin Chinese. Language & Linguistic Theory, 18(4), 723–770.
Kratzer, A. (1998). More structural analogies between pronouns and tenses. In D. Strolovitch and A. Lawson (Eds.), Proceedings of SALT VIII (Vol. 8, pp. 92–110). CLC Publications.
Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the Event-Related Brain Potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 621–647.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), 203–205.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307(5947), 161–163.
Laszlo, S., & Federmeier, K. D. (2009). A beautiful day in the neighborhood: an event-related potential study of lexical relationships and prediction in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 61(3), 326–338.
Length, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.4.8. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans.
Lei, D. (2020). Hanyu fangyan zaici biaoji “guo3” de gongneng ji qi xingcheng [A study on the function and formation of the recurrence aspect marker guo3 in dialects in Southern China]. Fangyan, 4, 445–451.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Li, W. (2012). Temporal and aspectual references in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(14), 2045–2066.
Li, W.-C. C. (2004). Conflicting notions of language purity: The interplay of archaising, ethnographic, reformist, elitist and xenophobic purism in the perception of Standard Chinese. Language & Communication, 24(2), 97–133.
Liao, C.-H., & Lau, E. (2020). Enough time to get results? An ERP investigation of prediction with complex events. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(9), 1162–1182.
Lin, J.-W. (2000). On the temporal meaning of -le in Chinese. Language and Linguistics, 1(2), 109–133.
Lin, J.-W. (2003). Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 12(3), 259–311.
Lin, J.-W. (2006). Time in a language without tense: The case of Chinese. Journal of Semantics, 23(1), 1–53.
Lin, J.-W. (2007). Predicate restriction, discontinuity property and the meaning of the perfective marker guo in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 16, 237–257.
Liu, C.-T. (2011). Motivations for grammaticalization: A case study of the realis marker you (有) in Taiwan Mandarin. In Proceedings of the 12th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW-12), 42–49.
Liu, L. H. (2013). Realis le and marked/unmarked aspectual categories in Chinese. Linguistics, 51(5), 893–927.
Liu, X. (1988). Xiandai Hanyu ciwei ‘le’ de yufa yiyi [On the meaning and syntax of the suffix ‘le’ in modern Chinese]. Zhonguo Yuwen, 5, 321–330.
Longacre, R. E. (1972). Hierarchy and universality of discourse constituents in New Guinea languages: discussion. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Lopez-Calderon, J., & Luck, S. J. (2014). ERPLAB: an open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1–14.
Lü, S. (1980). Xiandai Hanyu babai ci [Eight hundred words in modern Chinese]. Beijing: Shangwu Publishers.
Luck, S. J., & Gaspelin, N. (2017). How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn’t). Psychophysiology, 54(1), 146–157.
Lyons, J. (1977). 17 Modality. In Semantics (Vol. 2, pp. 787–849). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Malko, A. (2018). ibextor package. https://github.com/antonmalko/ibextor.
Martín-Loeches, M., Casado, P., Gonzalo, R., De Heras, L., & Fernández-Frías, C. (2006). Brain potentials to mathematical syntax problems. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 579–591.
MathWorks, I. (2005). MATLAB: The Language of Technical Computing. Desktop Tools and Development Environment, Version 7 (Vol. 9): MathWorks.
McKinnon, R., & Osterhout, L. (1996). Constraints on movement phenomena in sentence processing: evidence from event-related potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes, 11, 477–494.
McTaggart, J. (1908). The unreality of time. Mind, 17(68), 457–474.
Mehravari, A. S., Tanner, D., Wampler, E. K., Valentine, G. D., & Osterhout, L. (2015). Effects of grammaticality and morphological complexity on the P600 event-related potential component. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0140850
Michaelis, L. A. (2006). 10 Tense in English. In B. Arts and A. McMahon (Eds.), The handbook of English linguistics (pp. 220 – 243). Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Co.
Moens, M., & Steedman, M. (1988). Temporal ontology and temporal reference. Computational Linguistics, 14(2), 15–28.
Molinaro, N., Barber, H. A., Carreiras, M. (2011). Grammatical agreement processing in reading: ERP findings and future directions. Cortex, 47(8), 908–930.
Münte, T. F., Schiltz, K., & Kutas, M. (1998). When temporal terms belie conceptual order. Nature, 395, 71–73.
Myers, J. (2019). The grammar of Chinese characters: productive knowledge of formal patterns in an orthographic system. London, New York: Routledge.
Nuyts, J. (2006). Modality: Overview and linguistic issues. In W. Frawley (Ed.), The expression of modality (Vol. 126, pp. 1–26). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97–113.
Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P. J. (1992). Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(6), 785–806
Osterhout, L., Holcomb, P. J., & Swinney, D. A. (1994). Brain potentials elicited by garden-path sentences: evidence of the application of verb information during parsing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and cognition, 20, 786–803.
Osterhout, L., McLaughin, J., & Bersick, M. (1997). Event-related brain potentials and human language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(6), 203–209.
Osterhout, L., & Mobley, L. A. (1995). Event-related brain potentials elicited by failure to agree. Journal of Memory and Language, 34(6), 739–773.
Osterhout, L., & Nicol, J. (1999). On the distinctiveness, independence, and time course of the brain responses to syntactic and semantic anomalies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14(3), 283–317.
Palmer, F. R. (2001). Mood and modality. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Patel, A.D., Gibson, E., Ratner, J., Besson, M., & Holcomb, P. J. (1998). Processing syntactic relations in language and music: an event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(6), 717–733.
Pozniak, C., Hemforth, B., & Scheepers, C. (2018). Cross-domain priming form mathematics to relative-clause attachment: a visual-world study in French. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2056.
Qiu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2012). Processing temporal agreement in a tenseless language: An ERP study of Mandarin Chinese. Brain Research, 1446, 91–108.
R Core Team (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
Reichenbach, H. (2005). The tenses of verbs. In I. Mani, J. Pustejovsky and R. Gaizauskas (Eds.), The language of time: A reader (pp. 71–78). Oxford University Press on Demand. (Original work: Reichenbach, H. (1947). Elements of symbolic logic. New York: Dover Publications.)
Ren, F. (2008). Temporal meaning of -le in Chinese. In K. M. M. Chan, & H. Kang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20) (pp. 789–800), Columbus, Ohio: NACCL Proceedings Online.
Richard, L., & Charbonneau, D. (2009). An introduction to E-Prime. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 5(2), 68–76.
Roberts, J. R. (1990). Modality in Amele and other Papuan languages. Journal of Linguistics, 26, 363–401.
Roberts, J. R. (2016). Amele RRG grammatical sketch. [Unpublished manuscript]. Retrieved from: https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68531.
Ross, C. (1995). Temporal and aspectual reference in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 23(1), 87–136.
Rugg, M. D. (1990). Event-related brain potentials dissociate repetition effects of high- and low-frequency words. Memory & Cognition, 18, 367–379.
Shapiro, M. (2003). Hindi. In G. Cardona, & D. Jain (Eds.), The Indo-Aryan languages (pp. 250–285), London: Routledge.
Shyu, S.-I., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2015). Approximating to the event boundary, (counter)factuality and approximative cha(yi)dian. In M.Y. Tseng (Ed.), Analyzing Language as Material (pp. 97–120). Kaohsiung: Guoli Zhongshan Daxue Chuban She.
Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., Aust, F., & Ben-Shachar, M. S. (2020). afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments. R package version 0.28-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=afex.
Sinha, C., and Gärdenfors, P. (2014). Time, space, and events in language and cognition: A comparative view: Time, space, and events in language and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1326(1), 72–81.
Smith, C. S. (1997). The parameter of aspect (2nd edition). Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smith, C. S., and Erbaugh, M. S. (2005). Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics, 43(4), 713–756.
Smollett, R. (2005). Quantized direct objects don’t delimit after all. In H. Verkuyl, H. de Swaart, and A. van Hout (Eds.), Perspectives on Aspect (pp. 41–60), Dordrecht: Springer.
Soh, H. L., & Gao, M. (2006). Perfective aspect and transition in Mandarin Chinese: an analysis of double -le sentences. In P. Denis, E. McCready, & A. Palmer (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2004 Texas Linguistics Society Conference: Issues at the Semantics- Pragmatics Interface (pp. 107–122), Somerville Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Soh, H. L., & Kuo, J. Y. (2005). Perfective aspect and accomplishment situations in Mandarin Chinese. In H. Verkuyl, H. de Swaart, and A. van Hout (Eds.), Perspectives on Aspect (pp. 199–216), Dordrecht: Springer.
Swaab, T. Y., Ledoux, K., Camblin, C. C., & Boudewyn, M. A. (2011). Language-related ERP components. In E. S. Kappenman, & S. J. Luck (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components (pp. 397–439), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sybesma, R. (1999). The Mandarin VP. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sybesma, R. (2007). Whether we tense-agree overtly or not. Linguistic Inquiry, 38(3), 580–587.
Sybesma, R. (2017). Aspect, Inner. In R. Sybesma, W. Behr, Y. Gu, Z. Handel, C.-T. J. Huang, & J. Myers (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, Leiden: Brill.
Tai, H.-Y. J. (1984). Verbs and times in Chinese: Vendler’s four categories. In D. Testen, V. Mishra, & D. Drogo (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on Lexical Semantics, Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Linguistics Society.
Talmy, L. (2000). The relation of Grammar to Cognition. In L. Talmy (Ed.), Toward a cognitive semantics (Vol.1, pp. 21–96). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tanner, D. (2015). On the left anterior negativity (LAN) in electrophysiological studies of morphosyntactic agreement: A Commentary on “Grammatical agreement processing in reading: ERP findings and future directions” by Molinaro et al., 2014. Cortex, 66, 149–155.
Tanner, D., Morgan-Short, K., & Luck, S. J. (2015). How inappropriate high-pass filters can produce artifactual effects and incorrect conclusions in ERP studies of language and cognition. Psychophysiology, 52(8), 997–1009.
Tantucci, V., & Wang, A. (2020). Evidentiality ‘in’ and ‘as’ context: corpus-based insights about the Mandarin V-过 guo construction. In B. Basciano, F. Gatti, & A. Morbiato (Eds.), Corpus-Based Research on Chinese Language and Linguistics. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing.
Teng, S. (1973). Negation and aspects in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguisitcs, 1(1), 14–37.
Thompson, J. C. (1968). Aspects of the Chinese verb. Linguistics, 38, 70–76.
Vendler, Z. (1957). Verbs and times. The Philosophical Review, 66(2), 143–160.
Vos, S. H., Gunter, T. C., Herman, K. H. J., & Mulder, G. (2001). Working memory constraints on syntactic processing: an electrophysiological investigation. Psychophysiology, 38, 41–63.
Weckerly, J., & Kutas, M. (1999). An electrophysiological analysis of animacy effects in the processing of object relative sentences. Psychophysiology, 36(5), 559–570.
Wen, C. (2020). Hanyu fangyan de chongxingti zhuci “guo” [On the resumption-indicating particle guo in Chinese dialects]. Fangyan, 4, 437–444.
Wen, H. (2002) You ‘y avoir’ grammatical dans le mandarin de Taïwan [Grammatical you ‘to have’ in Taiwan Mandarin]. Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale, 31(2), 279–292.
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York.
Woo, I.-H. (2018). On perfective -le in Mandarin Chinese: theoretical and pedagogical issues. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 8(2), 139–158.
Wu, J.-S. (2005). The semantics of the perfective le and its context-dependency: an SDRT approach. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 14(4), 299–366.
Wu, J.-S. (2008). Terminability, wholeness and the semantics of the experiential guo. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 17(1), 1–32.
Wu, J.-S. (2009a). Tense as a discourse feature: Rethinking temporal location in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 18(2), 145–165.
Wu, J.-S. (2009b). Aspectual influence on temporal relations: A case study of the experiential GUO in Mandarin. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 7(2), 1–24.
Wu, J.-S. (2010). Interactions between aspect and temporal relations: a case study of the perfective le. Language and Linguistics, 11(1), 65–98.
Xiao, R., & McEnery, T. (2004). Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: a corpus-based study. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Xu, H. (2019). The experiential aspect of Mandarin Chinese (-guo): semantics and pragmatics. Lingua, 229, 102714.
Yano, M., Niikuni, K., Ono, H., Sato, M., Tang, A. A., & Koizumi, M. (2019). Syntax and processing in Seediq: an event-related potential study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 28, 395–419.
Yeh, M. (1996). An analysis of the experiential guoexp in Mandarin: a temporal quantifier. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 5, 151–182.
Zehr, J., & Schwarz, F. (2018). PennController for Internet Based Experiments (IBEX). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MD832.
Zhang, N. (2013). Encoding unexpectedness by aspect inflexion. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(1), 23–57.
Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2008). Brain responses to agreement violations of Chinese grammatical aspect. Neuroreport, 19(10), 1039–1043.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
QR Code
QRCODE