:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:運動迷信態度量表之發展:理論效度與模式檢驗
作者:莊紋娟
作者(外文):CHUANG, WEN-CHUAN
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:體育學系運動教練碩博士班
指導教授:盧俊宏
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2023
主題關鍵詞:超自然信念錯誤歸因運動員認同幸運物不確定假說supernatural natural beliefsmisattributionathletic identitylucky charmsuncertainty hypothesis
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:3
研究目的:根據臺灣運動員的文獻與經驗,編製一個具有信度與效度的運動迷信態度研究工具。研究方法:據美國教育心理測驗標準,本論文包含四個研究:研究一初步編製「運動迷信態度量表」,以項目分析、內部一致性、探索性因素分析,確認本量表初步之信度與效度;研究二以驗證性因素分析檢驗運動迷信量表的因子結構;研究三以「控制觀」及「運動員認同」作為效標,檢驗本量表的效標關聯效度;及比較不同性別運動員差異;與再測信度;研究四:根據理論探討各因素間的因果關係。結果:本論文編製的運動迷信態度量表具有適當的內容效度、因素效度、理論效度、內部一致性、和再測信度。運動迷信態度的因子為「儀式與禁忌」、「幸運物」與「民俗文化」。運動迷信態度與運動員認同成正相關,且外控人格運動員、女性運動員具較高運動迷信態度,理論性模式檢驗發現運動員認同和外控人格可以透過迷信態度預測害怕失敗,但內控人格和沒有顯著的預測效果。結論:運動迷信態度在大學生運動員裡是相當普遍的,建議未來研究可以從民俗文化和宗教信仰切入,進行更深入的研究。
Purpose: According to current literature and experience in Taiwan, the purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid sports superstition attitude scale (SSAS). Method: Followed guidelines of American Education and Psychological Testing, this study includes four sub-studies: Study #1 was to develop an initial SSAS draft and examined its’ preliminary validity and reliability through item analysis, internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA); Study #2 used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine SSAS factorial structure; Study #3 used locus of control and athletic identity to examine SSAS criterion-related validity, and compare groups’ differences between gender; and test-retest reliability; Study #4, this study tested a hypothetical theory-model by related variables. Results: Results found SSAS has appropriate content validity, factorial validity, theoretical validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliabilities. The SSAS has three factors: ritual and taboo, lucky charms, folk culture. Further, it was found SSAS positively correlated with athletic identity and external control. Furthermore, external control personality, female athletes have higher scores than male counterparts in SSAS. Moreover, theoretical examination found athletic identity predicted fear of failure via superstition attitude. Conclusion: Sports superstition prevails in college student-athletes, it is suggested future studies may adopt a cultural and religious perspective for further examination。
參考文獻
一、中文部份
王郁淳 (2010)。幸運會被傳染嗎?迷信對消費者風險承擔之影響〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立嘉義大學行銷與運籌研究所。
王贊、齊作成 (2014)。高水平體操運動員迷信心理探析,體育文化導刊,10,199-202。
王俊明 (2000)。問卷與量表的編製與分析方法。載於張至滿、王俊明編,體育測驗與評價 (頁139-155)。台北:中華民國體育學會。
方麗佳 (2014)。大學運動選手運動員自我認同、特質性焦慮及迷信之研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。中國文化大學運動教練研究所。
何全進、盧俊宏 (2002)。運動員認同概念與測驗初探,體育學報,33,147 - 154。 DOI: 10.6222/pej.0033.200209.2414.
余致萱、盧俊宏、謝昀哲、黃怡玲、謝秀芳 (2022)。臺灣運動員迷信心理之探索:來源、特徵和對運動員的影響,臺灣運動心理學報,22(3),1-20。
邱皓政 (2004)。結構方程模式 -LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北:雙葉書廊有限公司。
邱皓政 (2008)。結構方程模式的檢定力分析與樣本數決定。量化研究學刊,24(1),139-173。
邱皓政 (2011)。結構方程模式(二版)。台北:雙葉書廊。
吳明隆 (2009)。結構方程模式方法與實務應用。高雄市:麗文文化事業股份有 限公司。
吳倫閑 (2005)。運動參與的宗教行為動機與因素探討:一級籃球選手為例。大專體育學術專刊,16~26。
卓國雄、盧俊宏 (2005)。中文版表現失敗評估量表之修訂研究:探索性和驗證性因素分析。大專體育學刊,7(2),111-123。
張哲 (2016)。運動員比賽“迷信”行為的特徵、原因及影響。心理醫生,22(27),259-260。
紀俊吉、謝秀芳 (2008)。論運動與宗教信仰。大專體育,98,69-74。
陳映羽 (2020)。激活迷信行為對知覺與實際飛鏢投擲表現之影響〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立高雄師範大學。
陳美燕 (1990)。「迷信」與俗民宗教信仰—個言說現象的反省與批判〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立清華大學社會人類學研究所。
陳永豔、張進輔、李建 (2009)。迷信心理研究述評。心理科學進展,17(1),218-226。
賴仕堯 (1982)。風水〔未出版之碩士論文〕國立台灣大學建築與城鄉研究所。
劉襄、陳珍德、祈業榮、盧俊宏 (2020)。運動情境中迷信的研究回顧,文化體育學刊,31,71-82 。http://DOI:10.6634/JPSS-CCU.202010_(31).0007
盧俊宏 (1994)。運動心理學。台北市:師大書苑發行。
盧俊宏 (1990)。大專運動員運動競賽特質性焦慮之研究。台北市:文景出版社。
李琪明(2020)。多面向道德情意量表之發展與信效度考驗。教育心理學報,51(4),561-583。
姜淳方、李昀修 (2012)。台灣連鎖速食餐廳屬性、享樂及功利價值、行為意圖關係之研究-以台灣 Y 世代消費者為例。行銷科學學報,8(1),77-95。
顏弘欽 (2013)。個人-工作適配理論的實證分析:以國小教師為例。嘉大教育研究學刊,31,59-83。
羅霄驍、張力為 (2015)。競技運動中的“迷信” 行為。天津體育學院學報,30 (5),454-460。
蹇璐亦 (2006)。迷信行為的心理學分析。社會心理科學,2,120-122。
劉一民 (1991)。運動哲學研究。臺北市:師大。
黃崇儒、余雅婷、洪聰敏 (2014)。檢視大學運動員的生涯轉換:生涯發展模式之觀點。大專體育學刊,16(2),192-201。
黃芳銘 (2002)。結構方程模式:理論與應用。台北:五南圖書公司。

二、外文部分
Ahler, J. G., & Tamney, J. B. (1964). Some functions of religious ritual in a catastrophe. Sociology of Religion, 25(4), 212–230.
Anastasi, M. W., & Newberg, A. B. (2008). A preliminary study of the acute effects of religious ritual on anxiety. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(2), 163–165.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Superstitious behavior. https://dictionary.apa.org/superstitiousbehavior.
American Education and Psychological Testing. (2014).
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, &
National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for
educational psychological testing. Washington, DC: 20005.
Ashoke Mukherjee & Abdul Sarjen Shaikh. (2022). Superstitious Ritual Behavior in Sports: A Comparative Study among Various Athletes. Journal of Sports Research,9(1), 36-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/90.v9i1.2912.
Allen, G., Thornton, C., & Riby, H. (2020). “Don’t touch my bag”: The role of superstition in professional male boxing. The Sport Psychologist, 34(1), 35–42. http://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0107
Baltes, M. M., Freund, A. M., & Horgas, S. L. (1999). Men and women in the Berlin Aging Study. (In P.B. Baltes & K.U. Mayer (Eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp. 259-281). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation for structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Encino. CA: Multivariate Software.
Bleak, J. L. & Frederick, C. M. (1998). Superstitious behavior in sport: Levels of effectiveness and determinants of use in three collegiate sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 1–15.
Bord, R. J. & Faulkner, J. E. (1975). Religiosity and Secular Attitudes: The Case of Catholic Pentecostals. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14(3), 257-270
Britannica, T. (2020). Editors of encyclopedia superstition. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/superstition
Brevers, D., Nils, F., Dan, B. & Noel, X. (2011). Sport superstition: Mediation of psychological tension on non-professional sportsmen’s superstitious rituals. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34, 3–24.
Buhrmann, H. G. & Zaugg, M. K. (1981). Superstitions among basketball players: An investigation of various forms of superstitious beliefs and behavior among competitive basketballers at the junior high school to university level. Journal of Sport Behavior, 4, 163–174.
Buhrmann, H. G., Brown, B. & Zaugg, M. K. (1982). Superstitious beliefs and behavior. A comparison of male and female basketball players. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5, 75–185.
Burger, J. M. & Lynn, A. L. (2005). Superstitious behavior among American and Japanese professional baseball players. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 71–76.
Burke, K. L., Joyner, A. B., Czech, D. R., Knight, J. L. Scott, L. A. Benton, S. G. & Roughton, H. K. (2006). An exploratory investigation of superstition, personal control, optimism and pessimism in NCAA division I intercollegiate student-athletes. Athletic Insight, 8(2). http://www.athleticinsight.com/ Vol8Iss2/Superstition.htm
Cherrington J. (2014). ‘It’s just superstition I suppose… I’ve always done something on game day’: The construction of everyday life on a university basketball team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(5), 509-525.
Ciborowski, T. (1997). “Superstition” in the collegiate baseball player. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 305–317.
Conklin, E. S. (1919). Superstitious belief and practice among college students. The American Journal of Psychology, 30(1), 83-102. doi: 10.2307/1413662
Cronbach, L.J., & Meehl, P.E. (1955). Construct validity for psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin,52, 281-302.
Csikzentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York : Harper & Row.
Donti, O., Katsikas, Ch., Stavrou, N.A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007) Superstitious Behavior Inventory in Sport: A preliminary study. Paper presented at the 12th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Halkidiki, Greek. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268390302
Dagnall, N., Parker, A., & Munley, G. (2009). Assessing superstition belief. Psychological Reports, 104,347-454.
Dag, I. (1999). The relationships among paranormal beliefs, locus of control and psychopathology in a Turkish college sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 723-737.
Damisch, L., Stoberock, B. & Mussweiler, T. (2010). Keep your fingers crossed! How superstition improves performance. Psychological Science, 21, 1014–1020.
Deol, N., & Singh, D. (2017). Superstitious behavior: The invincible and invisible behavior in basketball sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3 (10), 217-224. https://DOI/10.5281/zenodo.999990
Drinkwater, K., Denvan, A., Dafnall, N., & Parker, A. (2017). An Assessment of the Dimensionality and Factorial Structure of the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:1693. https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01693
Dunleavy, A. O., & Miracle, A. W. Jr, (1979). Understanding ritual and its use in sport. Sport and the humanities: A collection of original essays. Knoxville, NT: The Bureau of Educational Research and Service, College of Education, The University of Tennessee.
Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa mental skills assessment tool (OMSAT-3). The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1-19. DOI: /10.1123/tsp.15.1.1.
Fader, S. (2020). What is superstitious behavior & can it be a problem? https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/behavior/what-is-superstitious-behavior-can-it-be-a-problem/.
Frazer, J. G. (2003).The gold bough: A study of magic and religion (Original work published 1980) http://www.gutenberg,org/dirs/etext03/bough11h.htm
Felson, R. B., & Gmelch, G. (1979). Uncertainty and the use of magic. Current Anthropology, 20(3), 587-589.
Flanagan, E. (2013). Superstitious ritual in sport and the competitive anxiety response in elite and non–elite athletes [Unpublished dissertation]. Dublin Business School. http://hdl.handle.net/10788/1599.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 669-678. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007.
Fluke, S., M., Webster, R. J., & Saucier, D. A. (2014). Methodological and theoretical improvements in the study of superstitious beliefs and behavior. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 102–126. http://DOI:10.1111/bjop.12008
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gill, D. L. (1980). Success-failure attributions in competitive groups: An exception to Egocentrism. Journal of Sport Psychology. 2. 106-114.
Gregory, C. J., & Petrie, B. M. (1972). Superstitions in sport. Canadian psycho-motor learning and sports psychology symposium. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Conference. University of Waterloo.
Griffiths, O., Shehabi, N., Murphy, R. A., & Le Pelley, M. E. (2018). Superstition predicts perception of illusory control. British Journal of Psychology,1-20. http://DOI:10.1111/bjop.12344
Gmelch, G. Baseball magic. Trans-action 8, 39–41 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02908325

Gamble., R., Hill., D. M., &Parker., A. (2013). Revs and psychos: Role, impact and interaction of sport chaplains and sport psychologists within English premiership soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25, 249–264. doi:10.1080/10413200.2012.718313
Gupta, B., & Dutt, S. (2019). Superstitious Behaviour in Sportspersons in Relation to Their Performance at Intercollegiate Level. Indian Journal of Mental Health 6(2), 192-202. http://doi:10.30877/IJMH.6.2.2019.192-202.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hamerman, E. (2010). Superstitious choice and the placebo effect: Consumer products as instruments of control. Columbia University, 126 pages; 3420834.
Hamerman, E., & Johar, G.V. (2009). Superstition, Illusion of Control and Brand Choice: Can Switching Brands Help Your Favorite Team Win the Big Game ?. Consumer Research, 36, 31-35.
Hancock, G. R., & Nevitt, J. (1999). Bootstrapping and the identification of exogenous latent variables within structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 394-399.
Hanin, Y.L., (2000). Individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model: Emotionperformance relations in sport. In Y.L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp.65- 89). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
Heider. F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Hoven, M., & Kuchera, S. (2016), “Beyond Tebowing and Superstitions: Religious Practices of 15-year-old Competitive Athletes,” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 21(1): 52-65.
Hoven, M. (2019). Re-characterizing confidence because of religious and personal rituals in sport: findings from a qualitative study of 15 year old student-athletes. Sport in Society, 22(2), 296–310. https://DOI:10.1080/17430437.2019.1360582
Huqu, M., & Chowdhury, A. H. (2007). A Scale to Measure Superstition, Journal of Social Science, 3(1), 18-23. DOI: 10.3844/jssp.2007.18.23 · Source: DOAJ
Jackson, S. (2011). Flow. In T. Morris & P. Terry (Eds.), The new sport and exercise psychology companion (pp.327-357). Morgantown: WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Jahoda, G. (1969). The psychology of superstition. London: The Penguin Press.
Jones, G., Hanton, G., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A Framework of Mental 16 Toughness in the World’s Best Performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 243- 264. DOI: /10.1123/tsp.21.2.243.
Kavi, O. ve Karagün, E. (2020). Profesyonel Futbolcuların; Takıntı, Batıl İnanç ve Düşünce Kontrollerinin İncelenmesi: İstanbul Anadolu Yakası Kulüpleri Örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(7), 2974 - 2992
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
Lange, R., Irwin, H. J., & Houran, J. (2000). Top-down purification of Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 131-156.
Langer, E. J., (1975). “The Illusion of Control.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(2), 311-328.
Loehr, J.E. (1984). How to overcome stress and play at your peak all the time. Tennis, 66-76.
Mahoney, M.J., Gabriel, T.J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181-199. DOI: /10.1123/tsp.1.3.181.
Maranise, A. M. J. (2013). Superstition and religious ritual: An examination of their effects and utilization in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 83–91
Mark, M. M., Mutrie, N„ Brooks, D. R., & Harris, D. V. (1984). Causal attributions of winners and losers in individual competitive sports: Toward a reformulation of the self-serving bias. Journal of Sport Psychology. 6, 184-196.
Melissa, T. & Chris B. (2003). Characteristics associated with superstitious behavior in track and field athletes: Are there NCAA divisional level differences ?. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(1), 168-187.
Menapace, V. (2012). Rituale im leistungssport. [Diplomarbeit, University at Wien.] http://othes.univie.ac.at/19032/1/ 2012-03-11_0508785.pdf.Merriam Webster Dictionary (2019). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superstition?src=search-dict-box
Mocan, N. & Pogorelova, L. (2014). Compulsory schooling laws and formation of beliefs: Education, religion and superstition. National Bureau of Economic Research. http:// www.nber.org/papers/w20557
Moore, D.W. (2005). Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal. Gallup News Service.
Morgan, W.P. (1979). Prediction of performance in athletics. In P. Klavora & J.v. Daniel (Eds.), Coach, Athlete, and the sport psychologist (pp.173-186). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
Morgan, W.P. (1980). The trait psychology controversy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51,50-76. DOI: /10.1080/02701367.1980.10609275.
Mouyard, E. (2012). Superstitions in collegiate athletes: The relationship between locus of control, sports competition anxiety, and superstitious behavior. Scholars: The McKendree University Journal of Undergraduate Research (19), unpaginated.
Neil, G. (1980). The place of superstition in sport: The self-fulfilling prophecy. Coaching Review, 3(18), 40-42.
Neil, G. (1982). Demistifying sport superstition. International Review of Sport Sociology, 17, 99–124
Neil, G., Anderson, B. & Sheppard, W. (1981). Superstitions among male and female athletes of various levels of involvement. Journal of Sport Behavior, 4, 137–148
Newport, F. & Strausberg, M. (2001). Americans’ Belief In Psychic and Paranormal Phenomena is up Over Last Decade. Princeton, NJ: Gallup News Service.
Ofori, P. K., Biddle, S., & Lavallee, D. (2013). The role of superstition among professional footballers in Ghana. Athletic Insight, 14(2), 117-127.
Quinn, E. (2010). Why do so many athletes have superstitions and rituals: Do superstitions give athletes a performance edge? Sports Medicine Retrieved from http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/sportspsychology/a/superstitions.htm
Roig, M., Bridges, K. R., Renner, C. H., & Jackson, C. R. (1998). Belief in the paranormal and its association with irrational thinking controlled for context effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 229-236.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 37-42.
Rudski, J. M., Lischner, M. I., & Albert, L. M. (1999). Superstitious rule generation is affected by probability and type of outcome. The Psychological Record, 49, 245–260.
Rudski, J. (2004). The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 22, 306–315.
Rudski, J., & Edwards, A. (2007). Malinowski goes to college: Factors influencing students' use of ritual and superstition. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(4), 389-403.
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (1991). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. CA: Wadsworth.
Sagar, S. S., Lavallee, D., & Spray, C. M. (2007). Why young elite athletes fear failure: Consequences of failure. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1171-1184.
Schippers, M. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2006). The psychological benefits of superstitious rituals in top sport: A study among top sportspersons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(10), 2532-2553.
Sjoberg, L. & Wahlberg, A. af. (2002). Risk Perception and New Age Beliefs. Risk Analysis, 22(4), 751-764.
Standards for Educational & Psychological Testing. (2014). American educational research association american psychological association national council on Measurement in Education.
Shrivastav, M., & Kotnala, A. (2015). Psycho-social factors contributing to superstitious behavior: Literature review. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 3(5), 43-47.
Skinner, B. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(2), 168-172. http://doi:10.1037/h0055873.
Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2009). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 1-20.
Thalbourne, M. A., Dunbar, K. A., & Delin, P. S. (1995). An investigation into correlates of belief in the paranormal. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Resarch, 89, 215-231.
Thomas, P. R., Murphy, S. M., & Hardy, L. (1999). Test of Performance Strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’psychological skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697-711. DOI: /10.1080/026404199365560.
Torkzadeh, G., Koufteros, X., & Pflughoeft, K. (2003), Confirmatory analysis of computer self-efficacy. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 263-275.
Tobacyk, J. (2004). A revised Paranormal Belief Scale. The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 23, 94–98.
Tobacyk, J., & Milford, G. (1983). Belief in paranormal phenomena: Assessment instrument development and implications for personality functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44, 648–655.
Tobacyk, J., Nagot, E., & Miller, M. (1988). Paranormal beliefs and locus of control: A multidimensional examination. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 241-246.
Tobacyk, J., & Shrader, D. (1991). Superstition and self-efficacy. Psychological Reports, 68,1387-1388
Tobacyk, J., & Thomas, A. (1997). How the big orthogonal seven is really the oblique seven. Journal of Parapsychology, 61,337-342.
Tobacyk, J., & Wilkinson, L. V. (1990). Magical thinking and paranormal beliefs. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5,255–264.
Todd, M. & Brown, C. (2003). Characteristics associated with superstitious behavior in track and field athletes: Are there NCAA divisional level differences? Journal of Sport Behavior, 26,168–187.
Van Raalte, J. L., Brewer, B. W., Nemeroff, C. J. & Linder, D. E. (1991). Chance orientation and superstitious behaviour on the putting green. Journal of Sport Behavior,14, 41–50.
Velentzas, K., & Heinen, T. (2010). Functional mental representation of volleyball routines in German youth female national players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(4), 474- 485. http://doi: 10.1080/10413200.2010.504650
Vyse, A. (Ed.) (1997). Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wann, D. L. (2012). The Head and Shoulders Psychology of Success Project: An Examination of Perceptions of Olympic Athletes. North American Journal of Psychology,14(1), 123-138.
Wiseman, R., Watt, C. (2004): Measuring superstitious belief: why lucky charms matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1533–1541.
Watson, N.J., & Czech, D.R. (2005). The use of prayer in sport: Implications for sport psychology consulting. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(4), 26–31.
Webb, W.M., Nasco, S., A., Riley., S., & Headrick, B. (1998). Athletic identity and reactions to retirement from sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21,338-362.
Wolfradt, U. (1997). Dissociative experiences, trait anxiety and paranormal beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences,23, 15-19.
Womack, M. (1992). Why athletes need ritual: A study of magic among professional athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Wright, P. B. & Erdal, K. J. (2008). Sport superstition as a function of skill level and task difficulty. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31, 187–199.
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Lacking control increases illusory patter perception. Science, 322, 115-117.
Yu, J. (2012). Magic and superstition in baseball in Taiwan: An examination of the Puyama aborigines’ use of the betel nut. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 1(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2012.701372
Zaugg, M. K. (1980). Superstitious beliefs of basketball players[Master of Science dissertation, The University of Montana].
Zebb, B. J., & Moore, M. C. (2003). Superstitiousness and perceived anxiety control as predictors of psychological distress. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 115-130.http://doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00176-7.


 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
QR Code
QRCODE