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題名:The Assignment of Absolute and Relative Depth in Constructing a 3-D Mental Model from Viewing Orthographic Displays
書刊名:中華心理學刊
作者:黃世琤 引用關係襲充文 引用關係
作者(外文):Huang, Tina Shih-tsengShyi, Gary Chon-wen
出版日期:2001
卷期:43:1
頁次:頁45-64
主題關鍵詞:深度建構立體結構平面投射圖Depth construction3D structureOrthographic viewsWorking memory
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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建構立體心智模型歷程中深度的設定是不可或缺的步驟。對於相鄰的兩塊區塊間的深度設定大致可以區分為兩類:一為設定相鄰兩區塊的相對深度,也就是決定執高執低的關係,在本研究中稱之為「相對深度」。另一類是為設定深度的量,也就是究竟相差有多深,亦即為深度的絕對值,在研究中稱為「絕對深度」。本研究共進行兩項實驗探討建構歷程中的深度設定議題。在此兩項實驗中受試者所要求解決的作業均為建構作業。在此作業中首先呈現自一個立體圖形正上與正前之兩張直角投射平面圖於螢幕上,並要求受試者根據此兩張平面圖於心中嘗試建構一個立體圖形。隨後出現四張立體圖形選項,受試者則須自其中選出與心中所建構結果最一致者。 實驗一中所使用的目標材料為二十四張立體圖形及其對應之平面圖組。每一張立體圖形另製作三個立體干擾選項,第一類為與目標立體圖形之相對深度完全相異者(RD-),另一類為與目標立體圖形之絕對深度完全相異者(AD-),第三類為與目標立體圖形之相對與絕對深度均完全相異者(AD-RD-)。實驗中之立體圖形依其複雜度共分十二對其一分配至第一區段,另一分配至第二區段。在第區段中由受試者自行決定所需之建構時間,亦即受試者建構完成時按鍵後,始呈現供選擇之四張立體圖形。在第二區段中所提供之建構時間則共有四種操弄。第一組仍為由受試者自行決定所需建構時間,第二組為哀第一區段中之配對圖形建構時間減少百分之二十五,第三組為依第區段中之配對圖形建構時間減少百分之五十,第四組為依第一區段中之配對圖形建構時間減少百分之七十五。結果顯示不論時間縮短的量,受試者所犯的錯誤皆以誤將絕對深度相異(即AD-)的干擾項為目標圖形為主,而明顯的較少誤選相對深度相異的干擾項。此結果反映建構的歷程中可能先進行並完成相對深度的說定而後完成絕對深度的設定。 實驗二進一步檢驗此假設。在此實驗中除控制立體圖形之複雜度外,並對平面圖組中所含區塊數加以控制。此外並以與目標屯體圖徵局部深度相異者為干擾立體圖形。干擾項共分三類,第一類為與目標立體圖形之局部且位於兩平面圖交換之中心部分之絕對深度相異者(ADC-),另一類為與目標立體圖形之局部且位於兩平面圖交接之外的邊緣部分絕對深度相異者(ADP-),第三類為與目標立標圖形之局部且位於兩平面圖交接之外的邊緣部分相對深度相異者(RDP-)。在對二區段的時間的操弄上,除將建構時間依第一區段加以縮短外,並亦控制選擇立體圖形的時間。實驗中共分四組時間操弄。第一組為時間不縮減,由受試者自行決定建構與選項的時間,第二組依第一區段之建構及選項時間各減少百分之二十五,第三組依第一區段之建構及選項時間各減少百分之五十,第四組依第一區段之建構減少百分之七十五及選項時間減少百分之五十。實驗結果發現(一)建構時間必須縮短至同組對應圖形之百分之五十或以上才能嚴重影響答題的正確率,(二)即便在受試者的正確率明顯下降的情況下,其所犯的錯誤仍為誤認局部絕對深度相反的立體圖形為目標圖形,而較少誤選局部相對深度相反的立體圖形,(三)受試者似能全面地完成對相對深度的設定,但對於絕深深度的設定則較為費力且可能無法全面完成。本研究結論:呢然在建構立體模型的歷程中必須同時考慮相對與絕對深度的設定,但較之於絕對深度的設定,吾人似先完成全面性相對深度的設定工作。
Constructing the 3-D mental structure form projected 2-D orthographic displays may require deciding both the relative depth (RD) between adjacent areas in the display and the exact magnitude of absolute depth (AD) for a given area. In two experiments, we examined the process of depth assignment involved in 3-D model construction. Participants were asked to imagine the 3-D object portrayed by a pair of orthographic project portrayed by a pair of orthographic projections, and then identify among four alternative isometrics the one that matched the imagined 3-D model. During identification, the target was paired with three distracters that differed from the target in terms of RD, AD, or both, either globally or locally. Either the construction time or both the construction time and identification time were shortened by various proportions from a self-paced condition. The results indicated that (a) when participants mistook a distractor for target, they were more likely to misidentify the distractor sharing the same RD with target but with different AD, (b) participants could shorten their construction time by as much as 50% without greatly compromising their performance, and (c) participants appeared to be able to assign RD to all regions in an orthographic display in a global manner, but it was doubtful they could do the same for AD. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of a model, in which an observer may try to decide the relative depth prior to figuring out the exact absolute depth, although it is necessary to consider both aspects of depth assignment in the construction of 3-D mental models.
期刊論文
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3.Cooper, L. A.(1990)。Mental representation of three-dimensional objects in visual problem solving and recognition。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,16(6),1097-1106。  new window
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13.Biederman, I.、Gerhardstein, P. C.(1993)。Recognizing depth-rotated objects: Evidence and conditions for three-dimensional viewpoint invariance。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,19,1162-1182。  new window
14.黃世琤、襲充文(1997)。Characterizing the Nature of Three-dimensional Mental Models Constructed from Viewing Two-dimensional Displays。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition。  new window
15.黃世琤、襲充文(1998)。資優生與非資優生解決視覺空間問題之心智模式比較。行政院國家科學委員會研究彙刊:科學教育,8(1),1-15。  延伸查詢new window
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18.黃世琤、襲充文(1995)。從二度空間的平面訊息建構三度空間的立體模型。中華心理學刊,37(2),101-122。  延伸查詢new window
19.Tarr, M. J.、Pinker, S.(1989)。Mental rotating and orientation-dependence in shape recognition。Cognitive Psychology,21,233-282。  new window
研究報告
1.黃世琤、襲充文(1994)。Constructing three-dimensional mental models from viewing two-dimensional displays (I)。Taipei。new window  new window
2.黃世琤、襲充文(1995)。Constructing three-dimensional mental models from viewing two-dimensional displays (II)。Taipei。new window  new window
圖書
1.Cooper, L. A.、Shepard, R. N.(1982)。Mental images and their transformations。Cambridge, MA:MIT Press。  new window
2.Marr, D.(1982)。Vision。San Francisco, CA:W. H. Freeman and Co.。  new window
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6.(1996)。Working memory and human cognition。Working memory and human cognition。New York, NY。  new window
7.Cooper, L. A.、Mumaw, R. J.(1985)。Spatial aptitude。Individual differences in cognition, Vol. 2。NY。  new window
8.Farah, M. J.(1990)。Visual agnosia: Disorders of object recognition and what they tell us about normal vision。Cambridge, MA:MIT Press。  new window
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10.Logie, R. H.(1995)。Visuospatial working memory。Erlbaum。  new window
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圖書論文
1.Cooper, L. A.(1988)。The role of spatial representations in complex problem solving。Cognition and representation。Boulder, CO:Westview Press。  new window
2.Cooper, L. A.(1989)。Mental models of the structure of visual objects。Object perception: Structure and process。Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum。  new window
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5.Pellegrino, J. W.、Hunt, E. B.(1991)。Cognitive models for understanding and assessing spatial abilities。Intelligence: Reconceptualization and measurement。Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum。  new window
 
 
 
 
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