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題名:跨越文藝復興女性畫像的格局--《蒙娜麗莎》的圖像源流與創新
書刊名:臺大文史哲學報
作者:花亦芬 引用關係
作者(外文):Hua, Yih-fen
出版日期:2001
卷期:55
頁次:頁77-130
主題關鍵詞:達文西蒙娜麗莎女性畫像聖母抱子像文藝復興畫像Leonardo da VinciMona LisaGinevra de'BenciFemale portraitMother and ChildRenaissance portrait
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:3
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:51
本文從追溯《蒙娜麗莎》(Mona Lisa)的圖像源流出發,探討達文西(Leonardo da Vinci)所創作的女性肖像畫與義大利文藝復興女性肖像畫之間的關係;並由此探討《蒙娜麗莎》在藝術史上所代表的創新意義為何。 欲深入探討《蒙娜麗莎》的創作背景,必須瞭解達文西如何吸收轉化十五世紀義大利世俗女性肖像畫與聖母抱子像。本文從達文西接受其師維若其歐(Verrocchio)創作風格影響的角度切入,旁及達文西從其作坊同門如波提卻利(Botticelli)處獲得之啟發,由此勾勒達文西在1482年離開佛羅倫斯前往米蘭前,所學習承繼到的女性畫像表現傳統。《吉內芙拉.班琪》(Ginevra de' Benci)是瞭解達文西早年世俗女性肖像畫創作態度最重要的作品。所以本文先從論析這幅畫作入手,探討達文西一方面接受維若其歐強調畫面上的人物應具有強烈的雕塑實體感,一方面也呼應波提卻利於一四七○年代中葉對女性肖像畫的實驗創新,捨棄側面像 ,改採四分之三正面像,並且不再以世俗傳統講究的華麗裝飾來定義畫中女性存在的價值意義。在這幅畫上,達文西也清楚展露結合女性畫像與自然景致之個人創作風格。 延續《吉內芙拉.班琪》對人物立體雕塑感之追求,以及企圖超越傳統肖像畫紀實功能之限制,賦予畫像上之人物與自然景觀形而上的普世意義,達文西將十五世紀盛行於佛羅倫斯的聖母報子像創作特質帶入女性肖像畫中。捨棄所有說明性的象徵符號以符合世俗評判論斷的認知見解,堅守對肖像畫本質的探討,《蒙娜麗莎》在體現理想高貴的女性美感之際,又加進了聖母抱子像特有之親切直接的溝通互動感。在融合文藝復興世俗女性肖像與聖母抱子像特質的同時,《蒙娜麗莎》也超越了這兩種女性畫像原有的表現格局與寓意潛力。此外,達文西一生對天地宇宙形成與運轉原理無盡的探問,讓他發展出一種特有的天地原生、宇宙洪荒式的自然景觀意象。這種獨特的自然意象最初可見於達文西所繪的聖母像背景部分。從聖母像的背景轉化到《蒙娜麗莎》一圖的背景上,蒙娜麗莎與奇峰曲水意味著女性與自然,也意味著人與自然,藝術與自然。女性肖像畫成為達文西表現深邃藝術思維的昇華之作。
This essay discusses Mona Lisa's origins and innovations in light of the Renaissance female portraits. Starting with Leonardo's apprenticeship at Verrocchio's workship, it is accentuated that Leonardo, following his teacher, takes “rilievo” as his primary concern in the portraiture. Futhermore, Botticelli's innovations in portraying the female with a three-quarter pose in the mid-1470s must have inspired Leonardo to represent ladies with more emphasis on immediacy and personality instead of portraying their female beauty in profile with luxurious dresses and decorations. Leonardo's early achievements in the female portraiture can be seen in Ginevra de' Benci. In this painting, Leonardo attempts to combine the prominent plasticity of the figure and the distant, airy landscape in the background on the same surface. Following Leonardo's lifelong pursuits of “rilievo” with animated spirit and representing living nature in its organic essense, Mona Lisa is not merely a female portrait in common Renaissance sense, mainly to represent someone's very appearance. Without identifying the sitter's background, Leonardo obviously intends to turn this portrait into the embodiment of his theory of portraiture: No matter who the sitter is, the portrait must demonstrate the visual power of immediacy to affect the spectator's instinctive response. To reach the above-mentioned goal Leonardo integrates the characteristics of the Renaissance Florentine Mother and Child with his ideal of the female portrait in the creation of Mona Lisa. In light of the workshop style of Verrocchio's Mother and Child, it is obvioius to recognize the origins of the monumentality, the sitting pose and the gaze of Mona Lisa. Besides, the mysterious landscape in the background of Mona Lisa originates from Leonardo's works about Madonna. Therefore, this essay argues that Mona Lisa shall be understood as an admixture of the Virgin-image in terms of Quattrocento Florentine Mother and Child and Leonardo's ideal of the female portrait beyond functional purposes. From this point of view, Mona Lisa is neither an autonomous female portrait nor a religious painting. Rather, it shall be taken as Leonardo's mainfestation of his own ideal of Portrait in general. By endowing Mona Lisa with such a metaphorical dimension, Leonardo powerfully enriches its philosophical connotations. Far beyond just presenting the traditional functions of a female portrait, Leonardo turns Mona Lisa into his eloquent demonstration of the power of visual effects and his conception of female and nature, human and nature, as well as art and nature.
期刊論文
1.Lipman, Jean(1936)。The Florentine Profile Portrait in the Quattrocento。Art Bulletin,18,54-102。  new window
2.Smith, Webster(1985)。Observations on the Mona Lisa Landscape。Art Bulletin,67(2),183-199。  new window
3.Simons, Patricia(1988)。Women in Frames: the gaze, the eye, the profile in Renaissance portraiture。History Workshop Journal,25,4-30。  new window
4.Clark, Kenneth(1973)。Mona Lisa。Burlington Magazine,115,144-150。  new window
5.Cropper, Elizabeth(1976)。On Beautiful Women, Parmigianino, Petrarchismo and the Vernacular Style。Art Bulletin,58,374-394。  new window
6.Fletcher, Jennifer(1989)。Bernardo Bembo and Leonardo's portrait of Ginevra de' Benci。Burlington Magazine,131,811-816。  new window
7.Freedman, Luba(1989)。Raphael's Perception of the Mona Lisa。Gazette des Beaux Arts,114,169-182。  new window
8.Hills, Paul(1980)。Leonardo and Flemish Painting。Burlington Magazine,122,609-615。  new window
9.Keele, Kenneth(1959)。The Genesis of the Mona Lisa。Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences,14,135-139。  new window
10.Ringbom, Sixten(1985)。Filippo Lippis New Yorker Doppelportrat: Eine Deutung der Fenstersymbolik。Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte,48,133-137。  new window
11.Rogers, Mary(1986)。Sonnets on Female Portraits from Renaissance North Italy。Word & Image,2,291-305。  new window
12.Rubin, Patricia(1990)。What Men Saw: Vasari's Life of Leonardo da Vinci and the Image of the Renaissance Artist。Art History,13,34-46。  new window
13.Verdon, Timothy(1986)。Donatello and the Theater: Stage Space and Projected Space in the San Lorenzo Pulpits。Artibus et Historiae,14,29-55。  new window
14.Woods-Marsden, Joanna(1987)。Ritratto al Naturale: Questions of Realism and Idealism in Early Renaissance Portraits。Art Journal,46,209-216。  new window
15.Clark, Kenneth(1973)。Mona Lisa。Burlington Magazine,115,144-150。  new window
16.Cropper, Elizabeth(1976)。On Beautiful Women, Parmigianino, Petrarchismo and the Vernacular Style。Art Bulletin,58。  new window
17.Fletcher, Jennifer(1989)。Bernardo Bembo and Leonardo’s portrait of Ginevra de’Benci。Burlington Magazine,131,811-816。  new window
18.Freedman, Luba(1989)。Raphael’s Perception of the Mona Lisa。Gazette des beaux Arts,114,169-182。  new window
19.Hill, Paul(1980)。Leonardo and Flemish Painting。Burlington Magazine,122,609-615。  new window
20.Keele, Kenneth(1959)。The Genesis of the Mona Lisa。Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences,14,135-139。  new window
21.Ringbom, Sixten(1985)。Filippo Lippis New Yorker Doppelportrat: Eine Deutung der Fenstersymbolik。Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte,48,133-137。  new window
22.Rogers, Mary(1986)。Sonnets on female portraits from Renaissance North Italy。Word and Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry,2,291-305。  new window
23.Rubin, Patricia(1990)。What Men Saw: Vasari’s life of Leonardo da Vinci and the Image of the Renaissance Artist。Art History,13,34-46。  new window
24.Verdon, Timothy(1986)。Donatello and the Theater: Stage Space and Projected Space in the San Lorenzo Pulpits。Artibus et Historiae,14,29-55。  new window
25.Woods-Marsden, Joanna(1987)。Ritratto al Naturale: Questions of Realism and Idealism in Early Renaissance Portraits。Art Journal,46,209-216。  new window
學位論文
1.Wang-Hua, Yih-Fen(1999)。'Rilievo' in Malerei und Bildhauerkunst der Fruhneuzeit,0。  new window
2.Rohlmann, Michael(1993)。Auftragskunst und Sammlerbild: Altniederlandische Tafelmalerei im Florenz des Quattrocento,0。  new window
3.Schuyler, Jane(1972)。Studies of Florentine Quattrocento Portrait Busts,0。  new window
4.Randolph, Adrian W. B.(1995)。Public Woman. The Visual Logic of Authority and Gender in Fifteenth-Century Florence,0。  new window
5.Randolph, Adrian W. B.(1995)。The Visual Logic of Authority and Gender in Fifteenth-Century Florence。  new window
6.Rohlmann, Michael(1993)。Auftragskunst und Sammlerbild: Altniederlandische Tafelmalerei im Florenz des Quattrocento。  new window
7.Schuyler, Jane(1972)。Studies of Florentine Quattrocento Portrait Busts。  new window
8.Wang-Hua, Yih-Fen(1999)。"Rilievo" in Malerei und Bildhauerkunst der Fruhneuzeit。  new window
圖書
1.Belting, Hans(1991)。Bild und Kult: Eine Geschichte des Bildes vor dem Zeitalter der Kunst。Bild und Kult: Eine Geschichte des Bildes vor dem Zeitalter der Kunst。München, Germany:Verlag C. H. Beck。  new window
2.Pater, Walter(1980)。The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry, The 1893 Text。Berkeley, CA:University of California Press。  new window
3.Dempsey, Charles(1992)。The Portrayal of Love: Botticelli's Primavera and Humanist Culture at the Time of Lorenzo Magnificent。The Portrayal of Love: Botticelli's Primavera and Humanist Culture at the Time of Lorenzo Magnificent。Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press。  new window
4.Cennini, Cennino(1982)。Il libro dell’arte。Il libro dell’arte。Vicenza。  new window
5.Gilbert, Creighton E.(1988)。L’arte del Quattrocento: Nelle testimonianze coeve。Florence and Vienna。  new window
6.Burke, Peter(1994)。Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe。Aldershot, Hants:Scolar Press。  new window
7.Lewis, C. S.(1936)。The Allegory of Love: a Study in Medieval Traditon。Oxford。  new window
8.Kecks, Ronald G.(1988)。Madonna und Kind: Das häusliche Andachtsbild im Florenz des 15. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurter Forschungen zur Kunst (Bd. 15)。Berlin。  new window
9.Vasari, Giorgio(1966)。Le Vite de’ più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568。Florence。  new window
10.Tinagli, Paola(1997)。Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation, Identity。Manchester University Press。  new window
11.Kemp, Martin(1981)。Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man。Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man。London, UK:J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.。  new window
12.Hale, John(1994)。The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance。London:Fontana Press。  new window
13.Cennini, Cennino(1982)。Il libro dell'arte。Il libro dell'arte。Vicenza。  new window
14.(1988)。L'arte del Quattrocento nelle testimonianze coeve。L'arte del Quattrocento nelle testimonianze coeve。Florence, Italy/ Vienna, Austria。  new window
15.Johnson, Geraldine(1997)。Art or artefact? Madonna and Child reliefs in the early Renaissance。The Sculpted Object 1400-1700。Aldershot, UK。  new window
16.Vasari, Giorgio(1966)。Le Vite de' Piu eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568。Le Vite de' Piu eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568。Florence, Italy。  new window
17.Alberti, Leon Battista(1972)。On Painting and On Sclpture. The Lain Texts of De Pictura and De Statua。On Painting and On Sclpture. The Lain Texts of De Pictura and De Statua。London, UK。  new window
18.d'Arcais, Francesca Flores(1995)。Giotto。Giotto。New York, NY。  new window
19.Beck, James H.(1999)。Italian Renaissance Painting。Italian Renaissance Painting。Köln, Germany。  new window
20.Belting, Hans(1985)。Giovanni Bellini: Pieta. Ikone und Bilderzahlung in der venezianischen Malerei。Giovanni Bellini: Pieta. Ikone und Bilderzahlung in der venezianischen Malerei。Frankfurt am Main, Germany。  new window
21.Brown, David Alan(1998)。Leonardo da Vinci: Origins of a Genius。Leonardo da Vinci: Origins of a Genius。London, UK/ New Haven, CT。  new window
22.Burke, Peter(1994)。Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe。Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe。Aldershot, UK。  new window
23.Butterfield, Andrew(1997)。The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio。The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio。London, UK/ New Haven, CT。  new window
24.Campbell, Lorne(1990)。Renaissance Portraits: European Portrait-Painting in the 14th, 15th and 16th Centuries。Yale University Press。  new window
25.Clark, Kenneth(1993)。Leonardo da Vinci。Leonardo da Vinci。London, UK。  new window
26.Cropper, Elizabeth(1986)。The Beauty of Woman: Problems in the Rhetoric of Renaissance Portraiture。Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe。Chicago, IL/ London, UK。  new window
27.Freud, Sigmund(1995)。Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci。Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci。Frankfurt am Main, Germany。  new window
28.Goldscheider, Ludwig(1960)。Leonardo da Vinci, Leben und Werk/ Gemalde und Zeichnungen。Leonardo da Vinci, Leben und Werk/ Gemalde und Zeichnungen。Köln, Germany。  new window
29.Kecks, Ronald G.(1988)。Madonna und Kind: Das hausliche Andachtsbild im Florenz des 15. Jahrhunderts。Madonna und Kind: Das hausliche Andachtsbild im Florenz des 15. Jahrhunderts。Berlin, Germany。  new window
30.(1989)。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。London, UK/ New Haven, CT。  new window
31.Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane(1985)。Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy。University of Chicago Press。  new window
32.Kress, Susanne(1999)。Memlings Triptychon des Benedetto Portinari und Leonardos Mona Lisa。Portrat-Landschaft-Interieur: Jan van Eycks Rolin-Madonna im asthetischen Kontext。Tübingen, Germany。  new window
33.Da Vinci, Leonardo(1882)。Lionardo da Vinci. Das Buch von der Malerei: Nach dem Codex Vaticanus (Urbinas) 1270。Lionardo da Vinci. Das Buch von der Malerei: Nach dem Codex Vaticanus (Urbinas) 1270。Vienna, Austria。  new window
34.Lewis, C. S.(1936)。The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition。The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition。Oxford。  new window
35.Lightbown, Ronald(1986)。Mantegna。Mantegna。Oxford。  new window
36.(1992)。Andrea Mantegna。Andrea Mantegna。Milan, Italy。  new window
37.Pollitt, J. J.(1983)。The Art of Rome c. 753 B.C.-A.D. 337: Sources and Documents。The Art of Rome c. 753 B.C.-A.D. 337: Sources and Documents。Cambridge。  new window
38.Pope-Hennessy, John(1966)。The Portrait in the Renaissance。The Portrait in the Renaissance。Princeton, NJ。  new window
39.Ringbom, Sixten(1965)。Icon to Narrative: The Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting。Abo Akademi。  new window
40.Roberts, Jane(1989)。The Life of Leonardo。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。London, UK/ New Haven, CT。  new window
41.(1999)。Renaissance Florence: The Art of the 1470s。Renaissance Florence: The Art of the 1470s。London, UK。  new window
42.Tinagli, Paola(1997)。Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation, Identity。Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation, Identity。Manchester/ New York, NY。  new window
43.De Vos, Dirk(1994)。Hans Memling: The Complete Works。Hans Memling: The Complete Works。London, UK。  new window
44.Walker, John(1967)。Ginevra de' Benci by Leonardo da Vinci。Report and Studies in the History of Art。Washington。  new window
45.Warburg, Aby M.(1980)。Flandrische Kunst und florentinische Fruhrenaissance。Ausgewahlte Schriften und Wurdigungen。Baden-Baden, Germany。  new window
46.Zollner, Frank(1994)。Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa: Das Portrat der Lisa del Giocondo. Legende und Geschichte。Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa: Das Portrat der Lisa del Giocondo. Legende und Geschichte。Frankfurt am Main, Germany。  new window
47.Alberti, Leon Battista(1972)。On Painting and On Sclpture. The Lain Texts of De Pictura and De Statua。On Painting and On Sclpture. The Lain Texts of De Pictura and De Statua。London。  new window
48.d’Arcais, Francesca Flores(1995)。Giotto。Giotto。New York。  new window
49.Beck, James H.(1999)。Italian Renaissance Painting。Italian Renaissance Painting。Koln。  new window
50.Belting, Hans(1985)。Giovanni Bellini: Pieta. Ikone und Bilderzahlung in der venezianischen Malerei。Giovanni Bellini: Pieta. Ikone und Bilderzahlung in der venezianischen Malerei。Frankfurt/M。  new window
51.Brown, David Alan(1998)。Leonardo da Vinci: Origins of a Genius。Leonardo da Vinci: Origins of a Genius。New Haven and London。  new window
52.Butterfield, Andrew(1997)。The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio。The Sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio。New Haven and London。  new window
53.Campbell, Lorne(1990)。Renaissance Portraits: European Portrait-Painting in the 14th, 15th and 16th Centuries。Renaissance Portraits: European Portrait-Painting in the 14th, 15th and 16th Centuries。New Haven and London。  new window
54.Clark, Kennth(1993)。Leonardo da Vinci。Leonardo da Vinci。London。  new window
55.Cropper, Elizabeth(1986)。The Beauty of Woman: Problems in the Rhetoric of Renaissance Portraiture。Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourse of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe。Chicago and London。  new window
56.Freud, Sigmund(1995)。Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci。Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci。Frankfurt/M。  new window
57.Goldscheider, Ludwig(1960)。Leonardo da Vinci, Leben und Werk/ Gemalde und Zeichnungen。Leonardo da Vinci, Leben und Werk/ Gemalde und Zeichnungen。Koln。  new window
58.Johnson, Geraldine A.(1997)。Art or artefact? Madonna and Child reliefs in the early Renaissance。The Sculpture Object 1400-1700。Aldershot。  new window
59.Kemp, Martin、Roberts, Jane(1989)。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。New Haven and London。  new window
60.Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane(1985)。Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy。Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy。Chicago and London。  new window
61.Kress, Susanne(1999)。Memlings Triptychon des Benedetto Portinari und Leonardos Mona Lisa。Portrat-Landschaft-Interieur: Jan van Eycks Rolin-Madonna im asthetischen Kontext。Tubingen。  new window
62.Lightbown, Ronald(1986)。Mantegna。Mantegna。Oxford。  new window
63.Martinea, Jane(1992)。Andrea Mantegna。Andrea Mantegna。Milan。  new window
64.Pollitt, J. J.(1983)。The Art of Rome c. 753 B.C.-A.D. 337: Sources and Documents。The Art of Rome c. 753 B.C.-A.D. 337: Sources and Documents。Cambridge。  new window
65.Pope-Hennessy, John(1966)。The Portrait in the Renaissance。The Portrait in the Renaissance。Princeton, N. J.。  new window
66.Ringbom, Sixten(1965)。Icon to Narrative: The Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting。Icon to Narrative: The Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting。Abo。  new window
67.Roberts, Jane(1989)。The Life of Leonardo。Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, inventor。New Haven and London。  new window
68.Rubin, Patricia、Wright, Alison(1999)。Renaissance Florence: The Art of the 1470s。Renaissance Florence: The Art of the 1470s。London。  new window
69.Vos, Dirk De(1994)。Hans Memling: The Complete Works。Hans Memling: The Complete Works。London。  new window
70.Warburg, Aby M.(1980)。Flandrische Kunst und florentinische Fruhrenaissance。Ausgewahlte Schriften und Wurdigungen。Baden-Baden。  new window
71.Zollner, Frank(1994)。Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa: Das Portrat der Lisa del Gioconda. Legende und Geschichte。Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa: Das Portrat der Lisa del Gioconda. Legende und Geschichte。Frankfurt /M。  new window
其他
1.da Vinci, Leonardo(1882)。Lionardo da Vinci. Das Buch von der Malerei: Nach dem Codex Vaticanus (Urbinas) 1270,Vienna。  new window
2.Walker, John(1967)。Ginevra de’Benci by Leonardo da Vinci,Washington。  new window
 
 
 
 
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