Imperial Liberalism or Liberal Imperialism: British Policy in Egypt, 1893-94_

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題名：	Imperial Liberalism or Liberal Imperialism: British Policy in Egypt, 1893-94
書刊名：	臺大文史哲學報
作者：	王世宗
作者(外文)：	Wang, Shih-tsung
出版日期：	2003
卷期：	58
頁次：	頁297-333
主題關鍵詞：	自由派的帝國主義；埃及；格蘭斯敦；羅斯柏理；克魯摩；艾伯斯；艾伯斯政潮；邊境事件；Liberal imperialism；Egypt；Gladstone；Rosebery；Cromer；Abbas；Abbas' coup；Frontier incident
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:21

　　　　　自由主義的信念本與帝國主義不合，但在事關國家利益的外交與帝國政策上，自由黨人終究不能堅持理想而採行可能喪權辱國的溫和作法。十九世紀後期英國自由黨的政治理念固與保守黨大相逕庭，但此種差異主要表現在內政方；在外交政策上，自由黨則不得不走向保守主義式的路線。本文即藉著討論羅斯柏理 (Lord Rosebery) 擔任外交部長時期英國對埃政策的發展，說明自由黨由反帝國主義形象轉為帝國權益擁護者的變化脈絡及其意義。文分五節：導言分析1892年自由黨大選勝利後羅斯柏理就任外交部長時的政治氣氛，以及同年埃及新任總督艾伯斯 (Abbas Hilmi II) 即位時英埃關係的微妙變化；第二節論述1893年初「艾伯斯政潮」 (Abbas' Coup) 的發展與英國對埃控制力的強化；第三節探討艾伯斯政潮之後自由黨政府對埃政策路線「向右」的調整；第四節檢討1894 年初蘇丹「邊境事件」 (Frontier Incident) 的發展與英國領埃威權的鞏固；結論解釋1893年至1894年間英國對埃政策所表現的「自由派帝國主義」( ' Liberal Imperialism，) 精神及其影響。綜合言之，經過這二、三年間的變化，英國統埃的機制大改，英國逐步將埃及納為「保護地」，而自由黨的帝國政策則明顯趨向於「保守主義化」。

以文找文

　　　　　Essentially, liberalism contradicts imperialism; but in Realpolitik liberals rarely stand against imperial enterprise. Such is the case of the British Liberal Party during the late nineteenth century. Focused on Lord Rosebery's policy towards Egypt under Gladstone's last ministry, this thesis argues that, as far as foreign policy was concerned, the Liberals in the early 1890s discarded their 'outdated' beliefs in rationalism and pacifism, and assumed an attitude not different from that of their political opponents - the Conservatives. This change of attitude was highly justifiable and popular as the Liberal decision-makers raised questions about national interests under conditions of increasing competition form the other Powers. This article treats of the political atmosphere in 1892, when Lord Rosebery and Abbas Hilmi II took office as the British Foreign Secretary and the new khedive respectively, and the so-called Abbas' Coup in 1893 and the Frontier Incident in 1894, to show how 'Liberal Imperialism' developed and the British occupation of Egypt became 'permanent', in spite of strong Liberal idealists' opposition. The author points out that in dealing with the Egyptian question the Liberal Party was losing touch with liberalism and getting more and more 'conservative', and that while achieving more popularity with the British public in this way, the Liberal Party grievously alienated its fundamentalist supporters, which detracted from its merit and worth as an independent political group.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Miller, T. B.(1960)。The Egyptian Question and British Foreign Policy, 1892-94。The Journal of Modern History，32(1)，1-15。
2.	王世宗(1996)。莎士保理與英國據埃政權的合理化。歐美研究，26(4)，139-171。延伸查詢
3.	王世宗(2000)。民主政治與帝國主義：英國對埃政策，1882-85。歐美研究，30(1)，35-107。延伸查詢
4.	Blunt, W. S.(1894)。The Khedive and Lord Cromer。The Nineteenth Century，35(204)。

圖書
1.	Martel, Gordon(1986)。Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy。Imperial Diplomacy: Rosebery and the Failure of Foreign Policy。London, UK：McGill-Queen's University Press。
2.	(1990)。The Gladstone Diaries, Vol. XIII。The Gladstone Diaries, Vol. XIII。Oxford：Clarendon Press。
3.	Marlowe, John(1970)。Cromer in Egypt。London, UK：Elek。
4.	Crewe, Lord(1931)。Lord Rosebery。London, UK：John Murray。
5.	(1931)。The Letters of Queen Victoria, Third Series, Vol. II。London, UK：John Murray。
6.	Milner, Alfred(1892)。England in Egypt。London, UK：Edward Arnold。
7.	Cromer, Lord(1908)。Modern Egypt。London, UK：Macmillan。
8.	Mansfield, Peter(1971)。The British in Egypt。London, UK：Weidenfeld ＆ Nicolson。
9.	Morley, John(1903)。The Life of William Ewart Gladstone。The Life of William Ewart Gladstone。London, UK：Macmillan。
10.	Matthew, H. C. G.(1995)。Gladstone, 1875-1898。Gladstone, 1875-1898。Oxford。
11.	(1993)。The Diary of Sir Edward Walter Hamilton, 1885-1906。The Diary of Sir Edward Walter Hamilton, 1885-1906。Hull。
12.	(1986)。The Destruction of Lord Rosebery。The Destruction of Lord Rosebery。London, UK。
13.	Cromer, Lord(1915)。Abbas II。Abbas II。London, UK。
14.	Gardiner, A. G.(1923)。The Life of Sir William Harcourt。The Life of Sir William Harcourt。London, UK。
15.	(1933)。The Queen and Mr. Gladstone。The Queen and Mr. Gladstone。London, UK。
16.	Hammond, J. L.、Foot, M. R. D.(1952)。Gladstone and Liberalism。Gladstone and Liberalism。London, UK。
17.	James, R. R.(1963)。Rosebery。Rosebery。London, UK。
18.	MacKenzie, J. M.(1984)。Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960。Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960。Manchester。
19.	Raymond, E. T.(1923)。The Man of Promise: Lord Rosebery。The Man of Promise: Lord Rosebery。London, UK。
20.	Tignor, R. L.(1966)。Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
21.	Welcher, W. M., Jr.(1988)。No Country for a Gentleman: British Rule in Egypt, 1883-1907。No Country for a Gentleman: British Rule in Egypt, 1883-1907。New York, NY。
22.	(1983)。Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East: The Anglo-Egyptian Experience 1882-1982。Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East: The Anglo-Egyptian Experience 1882-1982。London, UK。
23.	Winstanley, M. J.(1990)。Gladstone and the Liberal Party。Gladstone and the Liberal Party。London, UK。
24.	(0)。British Parliamentary Papers, 1893-94, vol. CXI。British Parliamentary Papers, 1893-94, vol. CXI。London, UK。
25.	(0)。British and Foreign State Papers, 1883-1884, vol. LXXXV。British and Foreign State Papers, 1883-1884, vol. LXXXV。London, UK。
26.	(0)。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 8。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 8。London, UK。
27.	(0)。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 9。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 9。London, UK。
28.	(0)。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 10。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 10。London, UK。
29.	(0)。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 11。Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Fourth Series, vol. 11。London, UK。
30.	Blunt, W. S.(1919)。My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888-1914。My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888-1914。London, UK。
31.	Rosebery, L.(1901)。The Foreign Policy of Lord Rosebery: Two Chapters in Recent Politics 1886 and 1892-5。The Foreign Policy of Lord Rosebery: Two Chapters in Recent Politics 1886 and 1892-5。London, UK。
32.	Penson, L. M.(1943)。The New Course in British Foreign Policy 1882-1902。Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fourth Series, vol. XXV。沒有紀錄。

其他
1.	Public Record Office(0)。Cab37: Photographic Copies of Cabinet Papers，London, UK。
2.	Public Record Office(0)。Cab: Photographic Copies of Cabinet Letters in the Royal Archives，London, UK。
3.	Public Record Office(0)。FO78: General Correspondence: Turkey，London, UK。
4.	Public Record Office(0)。FO141: Embassy and Consular Archives: Egypt，London, UK。
5.	Public Record Office(0)。FO343: Malet Papers，London, UK。
6.	Public Record Office(0)。FO407: Confidential Print: Egypt and the Sudan，London, UK。
7.	Public Record Office(0)。FO633: Cromer Papers，London, UK。
8.	British Library(0)。Add. MSS. 44906, Lord Cromer, 'Egypt'，London, UK。
9.	British Library(0)。Add. MSS. 44290, the Gladstone Papers, vol. CCV，London, UK。

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