神譴或神意？--英格蘭宗教改革中期(1547-1559)新舊教對女性權威的理解與辯論_

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題名：	神譴或神意？--英格蘭宗教改革中期(1547-1559)新舊教對女性權威的理解與辯論
書刊名：	國立政治大學歷史學報
作者：	林美香
作者(外文)：	Lin, May-shine
出版日期：	2004
卷期：	21
頁次：	頁1-40
主題關鍵詞：	英格蘭宗教改革；女性權威；反抗理論；政治服從；English reformation；Female authority；Political obedience；Theory of resistance
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:1 點閱:72

宗教改革時代，英格蘭境內面臨嚴重的宗教衝突，特別是英格蘭自亨利八世過世之後，歷經了一連串宗教變動。這段時期又適逢兩位女子先後擔任統治者，更加深人心之不安。本文特以英格蘭宗教改革中期(自1547年至1559年)，亦是宗教變動尤為劇烈期間，天主教與新教對女性權威的思考為研究主題，呈現當時性別觀念、宗教立場與政治權力交錯互動的複雜關係。
由於宗教信仰主導了兩派對女性政治權威之支持或否定，因此本文將相關論述分為天主教與新教兩陣營。天主教徒在英格蘭瑪麗女王時代，強調服從理論，主張人民應不計君王之性別，完全服從上帝指定的統治者。部份新教徒則在同時期提出激烈的反抗理論，在女王的性別上作文章，否定女王統治的正當性並起而反抗。伊莉莎白女王於1558年繼位後，新教徒言論丕變，重回政治服從的基調，並主張女性統治合於神意、法律、習俗、和歷史經驗。新舊教之間，及兩派內部，雖對女性統治權有不同的態度，但均以上帝的安排做為理解女性統治主要的方式，並提出兩個相對的概念，一是「神譴」，一是「神意」。
本文指出，參與討論者雖針對女性統治權威，但並未提出反傳統的性別觀念，也非提倡性別革命，他們是因宗教或政治因素而運用性別語言，以建構支持或反對女王的基礎。

以文找文

Reformation England suffered dreadful religious conflicts, worsened by a series of official religious changes in the reigns of King Henry VIII's heirs. Queens' ruling in England only made religious instability even more difficult. Against this background, I investigate the controversy over female authority between Catholics and Protestants in mid-English Reformation (1547-1559), a period of dramatic religious changes, and reveal the complex of gender, religion and politics in their discourse.
Catholic supporters of Queen Mary recommended a theory of political obedience that is neutral to the rulers' sexes. In contrast, some of the Protestant exiles advocated the theory of active resistance on the ground that female rule was in violation of divine law. However, the succession of Elizabeth Tudor turned the Protestant rejection of female authority into a defence of it, claiming that female rule is compatible with the divine will, laws, customs and historical examples, and therefore deserves popular obedience. Although the attitudes towards female authority differed between Protestant and Catholic polemicists or among their own comrades, they all understood female rulers as God's instruments, either as divine punishment or as providence.
All the polemicists intended neither to elaborate a new conception of sexual differences, nor to speak for a sexual revolution. Their discourse is no more than employing the language of gender to serve their religious and political interests, which determined their support for or opposition to a specific female ruler.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	林美香(20011100)。女性與政治 : 湯瑪斯艾列特的《為好女人辯護》與十六世紀人文學者的「女主寶鑑」。臺大文史哲學報，55，131-164。延伸查詢
2.	林美香(2003)。十六世紀英格蘭女性統治的建立─以女王為主體的探討。新史學，14(3)，1-44。延伸查詢
3.	Collinson, Patrick(1986)。The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I。Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester，69(2)，384-424。
4.	Greaves, Richard L.(1982)。Concepts of political Obedience in Late Tudor England: Conflicting Perspectives。The Journal of British Studies，22(1)，23-34。
5.	Davies, Kathleen M.(1977)。The Sacred Condition of Equality- How Original Were Puritan Doctrines of Marriage?。Social History，2，151-166。
6.	Dawson, Jane(1990)。Revolutionary Conclusions: The Case of the Marian Exiles。History of Political Thought，11(2)，257-272。
7.	Dawson, Jane(1991)。The Two John Knoxes: England, Scotland and the 1558 Tracts。Journal of Ecclesiastical History，42(4)，556-576。
8.	Jordan, Constance(1987)。Woman‘s Rule in Sixteenth- Century British Political Thought。Renaissance Quarterly，40，421-451。
9.	Lee, Patricia-Ann(1990)。A Bodye Politique to Governe: Aylmer, Knox and the Debate on Queenship。The Historian, A Journal of History，52，242-261。
10.	Loach, Jennifer(1975)。Pamphlets and Politics, 1553-1558。Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research，48，31-44。
11.	McLaren, A. N.(1996)。Delineating the Elizabethan Body Politic: Knox, Aylmer and the Definition of Counsel, 1558-1588。History of Political Thought，17(1)，224-252。
12.	Richards, Judith M.(1997)。To Promote a woman to Beare Rule‘: Talking of Queens in Mid-Tudor England。The Sixteenth Century Journal，28(1)，101-121。
13.	Scalingli, Paula Louise(1978)。The Scepter or the Distaff: the Question of Female Sovereignty, 1516-1607。The Historian，41(1)，59-75。
14.	Todd, Margo(1980)。Humanists, Puritans and the Spiritualized Household。Church History，49，18-34。

圖書
1.	Knox, John(1966)。The Works of John Knox (vol. 6)。The Works of John Knox (vol. 6)。New York。
2.	Fletcher, Anthony J.、Stevenson, John(1985)。Order and Disorder in Early Modern England。Cambridge University Press。
3.	Dickens, A. G.(1989)。The English Reformation。London。
4.	Amussen, Susan Dwyer(1988)。An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England。New York。
5.	Skinner, Quentin(1978)。The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Vol. 2)。Cambridge, Eng.。
6.	Foxe, John(1965)。Acts and Monuments (1563)。New York。
7.	Muir, Edward(1997)。Ritual in Early Modern Europe。Cambridge。
8.	Wiesner, Merry E.(1993)。Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe。London：Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
9.	Shephard, Amanda(1994)。Gender and Authority in Sixteenth-Century England。Keele：Keele University Press。
10.	Haigh, Christopher(1993)。English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors。Oxford：Oxford UP。
11.	Elton, G. R.(1977)。Reform and Reformation: England, 1509-1558。London：Edward Arnold。
12.	McLaren, A. N.(1999)。Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth 1558-1585。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
13.	Kantorowicz, Ernst H.(1957)。The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology。Princeton University Press。
14.	Allen, J. D.(1928)。A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century。A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century。London。
15.	Aylmer, John(1559)。An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Svbiectes。Strasbourg。
16.	Collinson, Patrick(1982)。The religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society, 1559-1625。The religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society, 1559-1625。Oxford。
17.	Collinson, Patrick(1990)。The Elizabethan Puritan Movement。The Elizabethan Puritan Movement。Oxford。
18.	Dickens, A. G.(1989)。Elizabeth I and Religion 1509-1558。Elizabeth I and Religion 1509-1558。London。
19.	Fortescue, John(1997)。On the laws and Government of England。On the laws and Government of England。Cambridge。
20.	Garrett, Christina Hallowell(1938)。The Marian Exiles: A Study in the origins of Elizabethan Puritanism。The Marian Exiles: A Study in the origins of Elizabethan Puritanism。Cambridge。
21.	Goodman, Chridtopher(1972)。How auperior Powers oght to be Obeyd of their subjects, and wherin they may lawfully by Gods worde be disobeyd and resisted。How auperior Powers oght to be Obeyd of their subjects, and wherin they may lawfully by Gods worde be disobeyd and resisted。Amsterdam。
22.	Greenleaf, W. H.(1964)。Order, Empiricism and politics: Two Traditions of English Political Thought 1500-1700。Order, Empiricism and politics: Two Traditions of English Political Thought 1500-1700。Oxford。
23.	Haugaard, W. P.(1968)。Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a stable Settlement of Religion。Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a stable Settlement of Religion。Cambridge。
24.	Luther, Martin(1962)。Temporal Authority: to What Extent it should be obeyed。Luther's Works。Philadephia。
25.	Maclean, Ian(1980)。The Renaissance Notion of Women。The Renaissance Notion of Women。Cambridge。
26.	Mason, Roger A.(1994)。John Knox on Rebellion。John Knox on Rebellion。Cambridge。
27.	Mendle, Michael(1985)。Dangerous Positions: Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Amswer to the xix Propositions。Dangerous Positions: Mixed Government, the Estates of the Realm, and the Amswer to the xix Propositions。Alabama。
28.	Peltoneu, Markku(1995)。Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought 1570-1640。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
29.	Pendrill, Colin(2000)。The English Reformation: Crown Power and Religious Change, 1485-1558。Oxford：Heinemann。
30.	Percy, Eustace(1937)。John Knox。London：Hodder and Stoughton。
31.	Pocock, J. G. A.(1957)。The Ancient constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century, A Reissue with a Retrospect。The Ancient constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century, A Reissue with a Retrospect。Cambridge。
32.	Pollard, A. W.、Redgrave, G. R.(1969)。A Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, And Ireland, 1475-1640。London。
33.	Read, Evelyn(1962)。Catherine, Duchess of Suffolk: A Portrait。London：Jonathan Cape。
34.	Reid, W. Stanford(1982)。Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox。Grand Rapids, Mich：Baker Book House。
35.	Ridley, Jasper(1968)。John Knox。Oxford：Clarendon。
36.	Bowler, Gerry(1987)。Marian Protestants and the Idea of Violent Resistance to Tyranny。Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth Century England。London。
37.	Fletcher, Anthony(1994)。The Protestant Idea of Marriage in Early Modern England。Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson。Cambridge。
38.	Shakespeare, Joy(1987)。Plague and Punishment。Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth Century England。London。

其他
1.	Becon, Thomas(1554)。An Humble Supplicacion unto God, for the restoringe of hys holye woorde unto the churche of Englande，Strasburgh。
2.	Bertie, Richard。Treatise in Answer to John Knox。
3.	Calvin, John(1845)。The Zurich Letters，Cambridge。
4.	Cancellar, James(1556)。The Path of Obedience, right necessary for all the king and queens maiesties louing subiectes，London。
5.	Christopherson, John(1554)。An Exhortation to all menne to Take Hede and Beware of Rebellion，London。
6.	Ponet, John(1556)。A Short Treatise of Politike Power, an dof the true Obedience which subjects owe to kings and other civil Governours, with an Exhortacion to all true natural Englishmen。
7.	Strype, John(1701)。Historical Collections of the life and acts of john Aylmer, lord Bishop of London in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth，Lodnon。

圖書論文
1.	McLaren, Anne(2003)。Elizabeth as Deborah: Biblical Typology, Prophecy and Political Power。Gender, Power and Privilege in Early Modern Europe。London。
2.	Russell, Conrad(1996)。The Reformation and the Creation of the Church of England, 1500-1640。The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain。Oxford。

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