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題名：休謨論宗教中的超自然現象
書刊名：慈濟通識教育學刊
作者：林志穎／張耀謙
作者(外文)：Lin, Chih-ying／Chang, Yao-chien
出版日期：2004
卷期：1
頁次：頁146-174
主題關鍵詞：神蹟；神啟；預言；靈魂；實體；宗教俗世化；Divine miracle；Revelation；Prophecy；Soul；Substance；Secularization in religion
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休謨在討論有關宗教中超自然現象的課題時，大致上從兩方面來分析：一是對神蹟的探討，一是對靈魂不滅的問題～就是關於來世說的論述。「神蹟」是表示神介入世人的生活事務中，藉著奇蹟的行使來彰顯衪的意旨。這不但表示神持續掌控所有的事，不但是人的活動或宇宙萬物的運作。也說明了人可以藉由神來認知神的作為和特殊的意旨。「來世說」唯有人死後，其靈魂仍存在並不消失的前題下才能成立；這意謂神會關注人們現世的一切活動和行為，並因此來決定人在來世的獎懲。「神蹟」和「來世」這兩方面皆是宗教裏不可或缺的重要因素，亦是宗教的基礎。然休謨的批判顯示這兩方面不但不能做為宗教的基礎，亦表明了他們實際上並不能影響人的行為。
Hume discussed supernatural phenomena from two aspects, in general. One was of the divine miracle and the others was of the immortality of the soul, the study of the future state. The divine miracle was defined as the fact that God was involved in secular affaires, manifesting his intent in the form of miracles, that not only indicated God’s continuous control over all matters, whether of man or of the entire creation, but also clarified man’s recognition of God’s conduct and particular intent by means of divine miracles. The argument of futurity was based on the premise that the soul exists after a person has died, and namely that God pays attention to man’s behavior in the present, so as to judge all the men in the future. The divine miracle and the future state were indispensable for religion, constituting one of the foundations of religion, but Hume’s criticism regards neither as one of the solid elements of religion, and they in fact have no effect on a person’s actions.
期刊論文
1.Gaskin, J. C. A.(1964)。Hume, Miracles, and the Eighteenth Century Interest in Miracles。Hermathena，99，80-90。  new window
2.Harrison, Peter(1995)。Newtonian Science, Miracles, and the Laws of Nature。Journal of the History of Ideas，56(4)，535。  new window
圖書
1.Feynman, Richard P.、吳程遠(1999)。這個不科學的年代！：費曼談科學精神的價值。台北：天下遠見。  延伸查詢new window
2.Smith, Norman Kemp(1941)。The Philosophy of David Hume: A Critical Study of Its Origins and Central Doctrines。London：Macmillan。  new window
3.Mackie, John L.(1980)。Hume's Moral Theory。London：Routledge and Kegan Paul。  new window
4.Mackie, J. L.(1982)。The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
5.Hume, D.、Green, T. H.、Grose, T. H.(1964)。The Philosophical Works。London。  new window
6.Stromberg, Roland N.(1975)。An Intellectual History of Modern Europe。Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey：Prentice-Hall。  new window
7.Brown, Stuart C.(1996)。British Philosophy and the Age of Enlightenment。London：Routledge。  new window
8.Byrne, Peter(1989)。Natural Religion and the Nature of Religion。London：Routledge。  new window
9.Le Van Baumer, Franklin(1960)。Religion and the Rise of Skepticism。New York：Harcourt, Brace & World。  new window
10.Calderwood, Henry(1989)。David Hume。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
11.Chappel, V. C.(1966)。Hume。New York：Doubleday & Company, Inc.。  new window
12.Collins, James(1959)。God in Modern Philosophy。Chicago：Henry Regnery Company。  new window
13.Flew, Antony(1961)。Hume's Philosophy of Belief: a Study of His First Enquiry。London：Routledge & Kegan Paul。  new window
14.Flew, Antony(1986)。David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science。Oxford：New York：Basil Blackwell。  new window
15.Gaskin, J. C. A.(1988)。Hume's Philosophy of Religion。London：Macmillan Pub。  new window
16.Gay, Peter(1966)。Enlightenment: an Interpretation。New York：W. W. Norton。  new window
17.Gay, Peter(1968)。Deism: an Anthology。New York：Van Nastrand Regional Offices。  new window
18.Goldmann, Lucien(1973)。The Philosophy of the Enlightenment: the Christian Burgess and the Enlightenment。Cambridge：The MIT Press。  new window
19.Hudson, Nicholas(1988)。Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
20.Hookway, Christopher(1990)。Skepticism。London：Routledge。  new window
21.Hume, David、Selby-Bigge, L. A.(1968)。A (The) Treaties of Nature。Oxford：Claredon Press。  new window
22.Hume, David、Gaskin, J. C. A.(1993)。Dialogues and Natural History of Religion。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
23.Hume, David、Selby-Bigge, L. A.(1975)。An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals。Oxford：Clarendon Press。  new window
24.Hume, David、Flew, Antony(1985)。Of Miracles。La Salle, Illinois：Open Court。  new window
25.Hume, David(1867)。The History of England: from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Abdication of James the Second, 1688。Philadelphia：J. B. Lippincott & Co.。  new window
26.Jones, W. T.(1975)。History of Western Philosophy。New York：Harcourt Brace Jouanovich。  new window
27.Laing, Bertram Mitchell(1990)。David Hume。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
28.Locke, John(1958)。The Reasonableness of Christianity: with a Discourse of Miracles’ and Part of a Third Letter concerning Toleration。Stanford：Stanford University Press。  new window
29.Magee, Bryan(1988)。The Great Philosophers。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
30.Milner, Joseph(1989)。Gibbon's Account of Christianity Considered Together with Some Strictures on Humes Dialogues concerning Natural Religion。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
31.Norton, David Fate(1993)。Hume。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
32.Norton, David Fate、Popkin, Richard H.(1965)。David Hume: Philosophical Historian。New York：Indianapolis。  new window
33.Orr, James(1990)。David Hume and His Influence on Philosophy and Theology。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
34.Passmore, John(1980)。Hume's Intentions。London：Duckworth。  new window
35.Penelhum, Terence(1985)。Butler。London：Routledge & Kegan Paul。  new window
36.Phillipson, N. T.(1989)。Hume。New York：St. Martin's Press。  new window
37.Popkin, R. H.(1988)。The Skeptical Mode in Modern Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Richard H. Popkin。Dordrecht：Martiaus Nijhoff：Kluwer Academic Publishers。  new window
38.Popkin, R. H.、Force, James E.(1990)。Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology。London：Kluwer Academic Publishers。  new window
39.Ritchie, Thomas Edward(1990)。An Account of the Life and Writings of David Hume。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
40.Russell, Bertrand(1997)。Religion and Science, with a New Introduction by Michael Ruse。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
41.Smith, Adam(1996)。A Letter to Adam Smith: an Apology for the Life and Writings of David Hume。London：Routledge。  new window
42.Stroud, Barry(1980)。Hume。London：Routledge。  new window
43.Stephen, Leslie(1991)。History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
44.Waring, Graham E.(1967)。Deism and Natural Religion。New York：Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.。  new window
45.Westfall, Richard S.(1973)。Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England。Ann Arbor, Michigan：University of Michigan Press。  new window
46.Willey, Basil(1986)。The Eighteenth Century Background。London：Ark Paperback。  new window
47.William, B. Todd(1990)。Hume and Enlightenment: Essays Presented to Ernst Campbell Mossner。Bristol：Thoemmes。  new window
48.Copleston, F. C.(1959)。A history of philosophy。The Newman Press。  new window
49.Penelhum, Terence(1992)。David Hume: An Introduction to his Philosophical System。West Lafayette, Indiana：Purdue UP。  new window
50.Hume, David、Smith, Norman Kemp(1947)。Dialogues concerning Natural Religion。New York：Macmillan Pub。  new window
 
 
 
 
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