Dialectical Relations between Marxist Ideology and Negro Consciousness in Richard Wright's Works Prior to the End of World War Ⅱ: Uncle Tom's Children (1938, 1940) and Native Son (1940)_

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題名：	Dialectical Relations between Marxist Ideology and Negro Consciousness in Richard Wright's Works Prior to the End of World War Ⅱ: Uncle Tom's Children (1938, 1940) and Native Son (1940)
書刊名：	高應科大人文社會科學學報
作者：	魯子青
作者(外文)：	Lu, Tzu-ching
出版日期：	2005
卷期：	2
頁次：	頁53-88
主題關鍵詞：	無產階級寫實主義；馬克思意識型態；自然主義文學；存在主義；族群政治心理學；Proletarian realism；Marxist ideology；Literary naturalism；French existentialism；Afro-American writers；The American communist party
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:14

李察萊特(1908-1960)是在第二次世界大戰前後，以探討美黑人的創作經驗而聞名的作用。他早在三十年代就加入了共產黨，也喜歡用左翼人士的語言去討論馬學所關懷的主題，例如，自由、疏離、剝削、階級性等等。但一旦階級鬥爭與族群鬥爭複雜的交織在一起時，他立刻意識到美國左翼的辯證基礎似乎無視於現實的狀況，只是浪漫動將馬學急就章的嫁接到新大陸的土地上，而對族群關係的歷史矛盾卻是一莫展。在戰前人心茫然的時代，在美式資本主義顯然失靈的時代，萊特勾繪著黑人外在經驗的創傷，與他們心理與情緒上的挫折。他標示出同胞們的意志、幻想、與期望，並借用心理分析的觀點去冀望黑人實現族群的生存，發現自我，並創造認同。「湯姆大叔的孩子」與「土生子」是萊特在二次大戰前所僅寫的兩策小說集，「湯姆大叔大孩子」很鮮明的控訴南方種族主義對黑人的壓迫，造成了黑人的家庭制度、心理、以及文化上的解體，因此加入共產黨成了黑人獲得自由的唯一選擇。為了黨的生存，黑人同胞們隨時可犧牲自己的性命誓死護黨。然而當黑人被大規模的移民北上後，「土生子」卻批判美國共產黨一旦遇到了族群問題，則逐漸露出它的盲點與侷限性，似乎也不是黑人最後希望之所。這種族群政治與馬克思意識形態的辯證關係，在這兩本小說的情節發展中透露無疑。在作者的筆下，讀者驚覺人物存在的意義，只不過是一連串的恐懼、監禁、逃離、捕捉、審判、暴力、與死亡罷了。這此描述強化了政治抗議與社會行動的合理性與急迫性。本文旨在探討馬克思學說在美國的族群文學社會學中所扮演的功能與調節的角色為何。

以文找文

Richard Wright (1908-1960) is the most celebrated writer exploring the agonizing, precarious, and traumatic aspects of the Afro-American experience before the end of World War II. Readers can easily see this black writer’s concern with political morality, as well as his insistence that the American Communist morality should be fashioned from the racial relations in this nation. In fact, many of Wright’s literary woks wee highly acclaimed by American leftists and the communist intelligentsia because he fervently expressed the ideas and concepts of Marxism in human terms even though Marx and Lenin were obviously concerned more about politics and economics than literature and man’s personality. It is commonly agreed that, without his effort, black fiction could not have merged with proletarian realism in the wider context of the naturalistic tradition (Fabre, 1978). In a time of historical displacement, Wright aimed to reconstruct the reality of historical process through a union of Marx and Freud (Ellison, 1995:77). Such a contemporary psychology of politics considerably expanded the author’s literary scope to engage topics such as the subjective and the historical, as well as issues regarding how racial consciousness could be channeled into social action in a revolutionary sense. Uncle Tom’s Children (1938, 1940) and Native Son (1940) are the only two fictional works published by Wright prior to World War II. The former consists of five short stories with the last two strongly tinged with an indictment against American capitalism from the perspective of black Communists; in the latter, the author seems to suggest that Marxism has its ideological limitations when it encounters racial issues and might not in fact be the true hope for blacks. This paper is a study of Wright’s endeavor to negotiate and reconcile the dialectical tension between Marxism and the black individual self in search of a solution to problems faced by American blacks in contemporary society.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Aaron, Daniel(1971)。Richard Wright and the Communist Party。New Letters，38，170-181。
2.	Baldwin, James(1949)。Everybody's Protest Novel。Partisan Review，16，578-585。
3.	Caron, Timothy P.(1996)。The Reds are in the Bible Room: Political Activism and the Bible in Richard Wright’s Uncle Tom’s Children。Studies in American Fiction，24，45-64。
4.	Fabre, Michel(1978)。Richard Wright and the French Existentialists。MELLUS，5，39-51。
5.	Gayle, Addison Jr.(1968)。Richard Wright: Beyond Nihilism。Negro Digest，18，4-10。
6.	Gibson, Donald B.(1969)。Wright's Invisible Native Son。American Quarterly，21，728-738。
7.	Glicksberg, Charles I.(1958)。Existentialism in The Outsider。Four Quarters，7，17-26。
8.	Jackson, Blyden(1969)。Black Boy from America's Black Belt and Urban Ghettos。CLA Journal，12，287-309。
9.	Kostelanetz, Richard(1969)。The Politics of Unresolved Quests in the Novels of Richard Wright。Xavier University Studies，8，31-64。
10.	Reilly, John M.(1971)。Lawd Today: Richard Wright’s Experiment in Naturalism。Studies in Black Literature，2，14-17。
11.	Starr, Alvin(1977)。Richard Wright and the Communist Party-- The James T. Farrell Factor。CLA Journal，21，41-50。
12.	Stein, Gertrude(19450603)。The New Hope Is ‘Our Sad Young Man'。New York Time’s Magazine。
13.	Widmer, Kingsley(1960)。The Existential Darkness: The Outsider。Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature，1，13-21。
14.	Wright, Richard(1934)。A Red Love Note。Left Front，1。
15.	Wright, Richard(1935)。Between the World and Me。Partisan Review，2。
16.	Wright, Richard(1935)。I Am a Red Slogan。International Literature，4。
17.	Wright, Richard(1937)。We of the Streets。New Masses，23。

圖書
1.	Appiah, K. Anthony、Wright, Richard(1987)。A Long Way From Home: Wright in the Gold Coast。New York：Chelsea House。
2.	Baker, Houston A.、Bloom, Harold、Wright, Richard(1987)。Reassessing (W)right: A Meditation on the Black (W)hole。New York：Chelsea House。
3.	Bloom, Harold(1994)。Contemporary Black American Fiction Writers。New York：Chelsea House。
4.	Bloom, Harold(1995)。Modern Black American Fiction Writers。New York：Chelsea House。
5.	Bloom, Harold(1988)。Richard Wright's Native Son。New York：Chelsea House。
6.	Buchle, Paul(1991)。Marxism in the United States: Remapping the History of the American Left。New York：Verso。
7.	Cassuto, Leonard(1996)。The Inhuman Race: The Racial Grotesque in American Literature and Culture。New York：Columbia University Press。
8.	Du Bois, W. E. B.(1967)。The Souls of Black Folk。Grenwich, Conn：A Fawcett Premier Book。
9.	Farrell, James T.(1936)。A Note on Literary Criticism。New York：Vanguard。
10.	Filreis, Alan(1994)。Modernism from Right to Left: Wallace Stevens, the Thirties, & Literary Radicalism。New York：Cambridge University Press。
11.	Fredrickson, George(1971)。The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate of Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914。New York：Harper and Row。
12.	Hill, Herbert(1966)。Anger and Beyond: The Negro Writer in the United States。New York：Harper & Row。
13.	Kinnamon, Keneth、Fabre, Michel(1993)。Conversations with Richard Wright。Jackson：University Press of Mississippi。
14.	Lottman, Herbert(1991)。The Left Bank: Writers, Artists, and Politics from the Popular Front to the Cold War。San Francisco：Halo Books。
15.	Madden, Davoid(1968)。Proletarian Writers of the Thirties。London：Feffer。
16.	Murphy, James F.(1991)。The Proletarian Moment; The Controversy over Leftism in Literature。Chicago：University of Illinois Press。
17.	North, Michael(1994)。The Dialect of Modernism。New York：Oxford University Press。
18.	Rorty, Richard(1998)。Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth Century America。Cambridge, Massachusetts：Harvard University Press。
19.	Shklar, Judith N.(1976)。Freedom and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind。New York：Oxford University Press。
20.	Trotman, C. James(1988)。Richard Wright: Myths and Realities。New York：London：Garland Publishing, Inc.。
21.	Weigand, Kate(2001)。Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation。Baltimore：London：The Johns Hopkins University Press。
22.	Weiss, Lynn M.(1998)。The Poetics and Politics of Modernism。Jackson：University Press of Mississippi。
23.	Wright, Richard(1963)。Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth。New York：Harper and Row。
24.	Wright, Richard(1940)。Native Son。New York：The Modem Library。
25.	Wright, Richard(1993)。Uncle Tom's Children。New York：Cleveland：Harper Perennial。
26.	Du Bois, W. E. B.(1969)。Black Reconstruction。Cleveland：Harper Perennial。
27.	Fanon, Frantz、Markmann, Charles Lam(1967)。Black Skin, White Masks。New York：Grove Weidenfeld。
28.	Williams, Raymond(1977)。Marxism and Literature。Oxford University Press。

其他
1.	Jack, Peter Monro(19400303)。A Tragic Novel of Negro Life in America。
2.	Jackson, Margot(19541024)。Black Power Is Strong Work。

圖書論文
1.	Baker, Houston A.(1972)。Racial Wisdom and Richard Wright’s Native Son。Long Black Song: Essays in Black American Literature and Culture。Charlottesville：London：The University Press of Virginia。
2.	Ellison, Ralph(1995)。Richard Wright’s Blues。Shadow and Act。New York：Vintage Books。
3.	Fabre, Michel(1975)。Richard Wright: Beyond Naturalism?。American Literary Naturalism: A Reassessment。Heidelberg：Carl Winter University。
4.	JanMohamed, Abdul(1987)。American Literary Naturalism: A Reassessment。Richard Wright。New York：Chelsea House。
5.	Kent, George E.(1987)。Blackness and the Adventure of Western Culture。Richard Wright。New York：Chelsea House。
6.	Lee, Robert A.(1987)。Inside Narratives。Richard Wright。New York：Chelsea House。
7.	Record, Wilson(1951)。Red and Black: Unblending Colors。The Negro and the Communist Party。Chapel Hill：Univ. of North Carolina Press。
8.	Robinson, Cedric(1983)。Richard Wright and the Critique of Class Theory。Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition。London：Zed Press。
9.	Wright, Richard(1993)。The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch。Uncle Tom’s Children。New York：Cleveland：Harper Perennial。
10.	Wright, Richard(1966)。How Bigger Was Born。Native Son。New York：Harper & Row。
11.	Wright, Richard(1949)。I Tried to Be a Commimist。The God That Faile: Six famous Men tell how they changed their minds about Communism。New York：Harper & Row。
12.	Wright, Richard(1978)。Blueprint for Negro Writers。Richard Wright Reader。New York：Harper and Row。
13.	Fabre, Michel(1987)。Richard Wright: Beyond Naturalism?。Richard Wright。New York：Chelsea House。

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