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題名：	Constructing Federalism--The EU and US Models in Comparison
書刊名：	歐美研究
作者：	張文貞
作者(外文)：	Chang, Wen-chen
出版日期：	2005
卷期：	35:4
頁次：	頁733-773
主題關鍵詞：	聯邦原則；管制性聯邦原則；跨國聯邦；二元主權；輔助原則；Regulatory federalism；Process federalism；Supranational federalism；Duel sovereignty；Principle of subsidiarity
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:2 共同引用:0 點閱:59

歐盟正朝進一步的整合持續穩定發展，歐盟與各會員國的關係也逐漸往所謂的聯邦原則來發展；而美國則是採用聯邦原則的一個成功典範。在聯邦原則的建立上，是否有一定的模式可尋呢？歐盟此一超國家的組織，是否可能在「中心—邊陲」的權力分配與安排上，採行聯邦原則？美國與歐盟在此一經驗上的比較又是如何？為了理解此一問題，並比較美國與聯邦在建構聯邦原則上的異同，本文首先對聯邦原則採取功能性的理解，將歐盟視為跨國聯邦。此外，本文亦採動態分析，將歐盟與美國的比較，著重於二者在聯邦原則的建構過程與互動方式。本文發現歐盟與美國在建構聯邦原則的過程中，在途徑、組織原則、執行機制、組織重心及建構過程等面向，都採取了完全不同的方式，但兩者都成功整合中心與邊陲的權力運作。本文因此主張，聯邦原則的建構以及聯邦模式的採行是有彈性的，並不受國界的限制。建立跨國聯邦的可能性已經存在，並可能進一步引發跨國憲政體制的發展。

以文找文

The EU has been taking a steady path toward closer integration, and its member states have delegated some of their sovereignty to the EU institutions. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, the US represents a successful model of federalism that recognizes duel sovereignty. What are the relevant legal, political, economic, and cultural foundations for constructing federalism? What are the similarities and differences between the EU and the US in their arrangements of the center-periphery relationship? To examine this comparative issue, this paper adopts a functional understanding of federalism in analyzing power distribution between a center and periphery. Through this approach, the EU is judged to be in the process of constructing supranational federalism. This article examines the EU and US respectively in their path, organizing principle, enforcing mechanism, organizational focus, and process of constructing federalism. It finds that their patterns have been quite different. In spite of the differences, however, both the EU and the US present successful models of federalist construction. This paper concludes that the pattern of constructing federalism is flexible. With treaties or constitutions, with an economic focus or an even broader one, constructing federalism is possible.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Ackerman, Bruce(1997)。The Rise of World Constitutionalism。Virginia Law Review，83，771-797。
2.	Jackson, V. C.(1998)。Federalism and the Uses and Limits of Law: Printz and Principle?。Harvard Law Review，111(8)，2180-2259。
3.	MacCormick, Neil(1993)。Beyond the Sovereign State。The Modern Law Review，56(1)，1-18。
4.	Röben, Volker(2004)。Constitutionalism of the European Union after the Draft Constitutional Treaty: How Much Hierarchy?。The Columbia Journal of European Law，10(2)，339-377。
5.	Bermann, G. A.(1994)。Taking Subsidiarity Seriously: Federalism in the European Community and the United States。Columbia Law Review，94(2)，331-456。
6.	Young, Ernest A.(20021200)。Protecting Member State Autonomy in the European Union: Some Cautionary Tales from American Federalism。New York Uni. Law Review，77(6)，1682-1718。
7.	Swaine, E. T.(2000)。Subsidiarity and Self-Interest: Federalism at the European Court of Justice。Harvard International Law Journal，41。
8.	Lessig, L.(1995)。Understanding Changed Readings: Fidelity and Theory。Stanford Law Review，47。
9.	Banks, C. P.(1999)。Reversals of Precedent and Judicial Policy-making: How Judicial Conceptions of State Decisis in the U. S. Supreme Court Influence Social Change。Akron Law Review，32，233-258。
10.	Chemerinsky, E.(2001)。The Federalism Revolution。New Mexico Law Review，31，7-30。
11.	Clark, B. R.(1998)。Translating Federalism: A Structural Approach。George Washington Law Review，66，1161-1197。
12.	Fallon, R. H.(2002)。The 'Conservative' Paths of the Rehnquist Court's Federalism Decisions。University of Chicago Law Review，69(4)，429-494。
13.	Lessig, L.(1998)。Textualism and Federalism: Understanding Federalism's Text。George Washington Law Review，66(5/ 6)，1218-1237。
14.	Perales, K. A.(1999)。It Works Fine in Europe, So Why Not Here? Comparative Law and Constitutional Federalism。Vermont Law Review，23(4)，885-908。
15.	Resnik, J.(2001)。Categorical Federalism: Jurisdiction, Gender, and the Globe。The Yale Law Journal，3，619-680。
16.	Tushnet, M. V.(2000)。Globalization and Federalism in a Post-Printz World。Tulsa Law Journal，36，11-41。
17.	Werhan, K.(2000)。Checking Congress and Balancing Federalism: A Lesson From Separation-of-powers Jurisprudence。Washington & Lee Law Review，57，1213-1284。
18.	Whittington, K. E.(2001)。Taking What they Give Us: Explaining the Court's Federalism Offensive。Duke Law Journal，51，477-520。
19.	Young, Ernest A.(1999)。State Sovereign Immunity and the Future of Federalism。The Supreme Court Review，1-79。
20.	McGinnis, John O.(2001)。The Symbiosis of Constitutionalism and Technology。Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy，25(1)，3-14。
21.	Backer, Larry Cata(2001)。The Extra-national State: American Confederate Federalism and the European Union。The Columbia Journal of European Law，7(2)，173-240。
22.	Pfander, James E.(2003)。Member State Liability and Constitutional Change in the United States and Europe。The American Journal of Comparative Law，51(2)，237-274。

圖書
1.	Jackson, Vicki C.、Tushnet, Mark(1999)。Comparative Constitutional Law。New York, NY：Foundation Press。
2.	MACAULAY, S., FRIEDMAN, L.M.、STOOKEY, J.,(1995)。Law & Society: Readings on the Social Study of Law。Law & Society: Readings on the Social Study of Law。New York, NY：W. W. Norten & Company。
3.	Wood, Gordon S.(1969)。The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787。University of North Carolina Press。
4.	Beer, Samuel H.(1993)。To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism。Cambridge, Mass.：Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。
5.	Weatherill, Stephen(1995)。Law and Integration in the European Union。Oxford：Clarendon Press。
6.	Ackerman, Bruce(1991)。We the People: Foundations。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。
7.	Weiler, J. H. H.(1999)。The Constitution of Europe。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
8.	Kramer, Larry D.(2004)。The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review。Oxford University Press。
9.	Beard, Charles A.(1986)。An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States。Free Press。
10.	Scalia, Antonin、Gutmann, Amy(1997)。A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and The Law。Princeton University Press。
11.	Ackerman, Bruce、Ackerman, B.(1998)。We the People: Transformations。We the People: Transformations。Cambridge, MA。
12.	Greve, M. S.(1999)。Real Federalism: Why it Matters, How it Could Happen。Real Federalism: Why it Matters, How it Could Happen。Washington, DC。
13.	Maduro, Miguel Poiares(1998)。We the Court: The European Court of Justice & The European Economic Constitution: A Critical Reading of Article 30 of the EC Treaty。We the Court: The European Court of Justice & The European Economic Constitution: A Critical Reading of Article 30 of the EC Treaty。Portland, OR。
14.	Klose, Nelson、Jones, Robert F.(1994)。United States History: To 1877。United States History: To 1877。Hauppauge, NY。
15.	O'Connor, Sandra Day(2004)。The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice。The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice。New York, NY。
16.	(2001)。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and the European Union。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and the European Union。New York, NY。
17.	(2000)。The EU, the WTO, and the NAFTA: Towards a Common Law of International Trade?。The EU, the WTO, and the NAFTA: Towards a Common Law of International Trade?。New York, NY。
18.	Siedentop, Larry(2001)。Democracy in Europe。Democracy in Europe。New York, NY。
19.	Donahue, John D.、Pollack, Mark A.(2001)。Centralization and Its Discontents: The Rhythms of Federalism in the United States and the European Union。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and European Union。New York, NY。
20.	Halberstam, Daniel(2001)。Comparative Federalism and the Issue of Commandeering。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and European Union。New York, NY。
21.	Lazer, David、Mayer-Schoenberger, Viktor(2001)。Blueprints for Change: Devolution and Subsidiarity in the United States and the European Union。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and European Union。New York, NY。
22.	Majone, Giandomenico(2001)。Regulatory Legitimacy in the United States and the European Union。The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and European Union。New York, NY。

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