內外有別的人權倡議者？--國際人權法在美國的實踐__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	內外有別的人權倡議者？--國際人權法在美國的實踐
書刊名：	中華國際法與超國界法評論
作者：	周志杰
作者(外文)：	Chou, Chih-Chieh
出版日期：	2006
卷期：	2:2
頁次：	頁207-254
主題關鍵詞：	國際人權法；美國政治；規範法制化；美國人權外交；國際關係；International human rights law；American politics；Norm legalization；US human rights diplomacy；International relations
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(1) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:31

本文籍由歷史分析途徑探討國際人權法與美國的互動關係，並將分析重心置於美國在推動國際人權建制上的角色，以及此一角色對照該國對國際人權法的態度與其內國法院相關實踐所呈現的矛盾與茖差。本文依序分析：該國建立其對國際人權法之認知的過程、美國參與及從署國際人權法律文件之情況與歷屆政府及國會在相關政策上的互動、內國法院在審判中援引國際人權法之具體實踐，以及美國例外主義形成之原因。研究發現（1）美國倡導國際人權建制的主要動力，來自於國家建構過程中所形塑之人權傳統及政治菁英對人權理念的認知。然而，（2）該國在推動及實踐國際人權法上所表現出的落差，實為二次大戰後美國成為世界強權，以全球戰略視野考量國家利益之思維下的產物，並且（3）結合美國對其憲法與聯邦體制所抱持的優越感、美國社會保守與自由陣營的爭論，以及美國兩黨政治等因素，逐漸在外交決策與法律實務上形成「美國例外主義」的思維，進而導致該國長期在參與國際人權法制化與遵守國際人權文件方面的反覆立場。（4）此一個案研究突顯出國際人權法為一弱法之事實。人權保障是美國處理對外關係的重要價值，卻亦時常淪為遂行外交目標下的運用工具。是故，國際人權法體系的建構、發展與普遍化，深受國際關係中國家間之權力競逐，以及國家內部民意動向、文化價值與利益分配等政治因素的影響。因此，（5）國際人權法乃至於國際公法的研究，除了重視微觀的條文釋義與判例分析等法制研究途徑，更無法忽視運用國際體系、國家主權、國內政治與個人決策等四個層次作為觀察內外部宏觀變因的政治分析途徑。

以文找文

This paper aims to explore the nexus between US and International human Rights Law (IHRL) through the historical approach. By focusing on the gap between US human rights promotion and practice, this paper analyzes the interplay between the president and the Congress on IHRL ratifications, IHRL practice by the US judicial system, and the triggering factors of American exceptionalism. Research findings suggest that (1) US promotion of IHRL is a product of the process of nation-building in which the perception of human rights has been cultivated; (2) US human rights practice does not conform with its international promotion is due to the States' consideration of national interest and strategy; (3) such a gap is also a result of constitutional supremacy, liberal vs. conservative debate, and partisan politics, which lead to the shift of the ratification policy; (4) international law is a weak law and impacted by international relations, public opinion, culture and domestic politics; and thus, (5) the future study of IHRL should add the political approach to identify variables through different levels of analysis, rather than merely adopting the legal approach on case analyses and legal interpretations for the former could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the international protection of human rights.

以文找文

期刊論文
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圖書
1.	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights(1997)。Human Rights: A Basic Handbook for UN Staff。Geneva：Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights。
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其他
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7.	(1963)。Public Papers of the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman 1947，Washington, DC：US Government Printing Office。，http://wwwxsil.org.tw/documents/un%20chartgr.htm。
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9.	Christopher, Warren(1993)。Democracy and Human Rights: Where America Stands?，http://dosfan.lib.uic.edU/ERC/briefing/dossec/1993/9306/930614dossec.html， 2003/11/20。
10.	King, Betty。USUN Press Release #175 (United States Mission to the U.N., 1998)，http://www.un.int/usa/98175.htm， 2006/10/12。
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14.	Bush, Laura(2002)。Remarks of Mrs. Laura Bush at USAID Event with Interim Chairman of the Afghan Authority Hamid Karzai，http://www.whitehouse.goV/news/releases/2002/01/print/20020129-12.html， 2006/11/18。
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17.	Danies, Joel(20030425)。Right to Development EOV，http://www.humaimghts-usa.net/statements/0425RtoD.htm。
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圖書論文
1.	Weissbrodt, David、O'Toole, Teresa(1988)。The Development of International Human Rights Law。The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948-1988。New York：Amnesty International USA Legal Support Network。
2.	U.S. Mission to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization(2002)。Annex II: Explanatory Notes/Reservation。Report of the World Food Summit: Five Years Later。

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