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題名：1960-70年代美國史學家對「區域主義」、「奴隸制度」與美國內戰相關性的主要解釋
書刊名：東吳歷史學報
作者：盧令北 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lu, Ling-pei
出版日期：2008
卷期：20
頁次：頁193-235
主題關鍵詞：區域主義；奴隸制度；分離運動；廢奴主義；美國內戰；南方社會；美國史學；美利堅邦聯；Sectionalism；Slavery；Secession；Abolition；Civil war；U.S. south；U.S. historiography；Confederate states of America
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美國內戰始終是美國史研究的一個焦點。在十九世紀「業餘史學」時期，多數與內戰相關的論述，仍延續戰前南、北區域相互對立的態勢，互指對方爲陰謀的策劃者與動亂的根源，並應擔負戰爭的責任。然自二十世紀以降，隨著「專業史學」的興起，昔日流於情緒化的歷史解釋方式逐漸爲史學家所揚棄，代之而起的是以史料爲基礎所進行的研究，因而對內戰解釋也逐漸回歸客觀與理性。本文擬就1960年代至1970年代美國史學家對內戰前美國歷史發展的兩大特色－「區域主義」以及「奴隸制度」，與內戰起源的關聯性所做的解釋做一探討。此時期史學家討論內戰的最大特色是擺脫道德層面的思考模式，不再將「區域主義」、「奴隸制度」與內戰的起源做直接的連結。相反地，史學家轉而探究南、北兩區域以往均能和平共處，爲何至1850年代起衝突對立卻急遽升高，導致區域和平無以爲繼。此外，史學家也跳脫以往單純將奴隸制度視爲戰爭主要導火線的窠臼，開始分析奴隸制度與南方社會有何緊密的關連，南方人何以堅持奴隸制度並不惜自聯邦分離。
The American Civil War has always attracted the most attention from scholars. The early discussions of the war in the late 19th century were used to charge either side of the North or South for rebellion and should be responsible for the tragedy. Following the 20(superscript th) century, the Civil War interpretations made by "professional historians" became more rational and objective. During the 1960s and the 1970s, historians began to view the confrontation between the North and South from new prospects and drove the Civil War study into a new direction. Unlike traditional scholars who simply connected sectionalism and slavery with the origins of the conflict, historians in the 1960s and the 1970s attempted to explore the dynamics of the North and South could no longer co-exist in the 1850s even sectionalism had been existed in the country since the colonial period. In addition, historians investigated southerners' insistence on maintaining slavery by making further analysis on the role of this peculiar institution played in the development of southern ideology, society, and civilization.
期刊論文
1.孫同勛(19810900)。美國史學家對南北戰爭的解釋之演變。美國研究，11(2/3)，1-38。  延伸查詢new window
2.孫同勛(19820300)。美國進步史學初探。美國研究，12(1)，1-27。  延伸查詢new window
3.Craven, Avery(1941)。The Fundamental Cause of the Civil War: Egocentric Sectionalism。The Journal of Southern History，7，3-18。  new window
4.McPherson, James M.(2004)。Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question。Civil War History，50，423-427。  new window
5.Pessen, Edward(1980)。How Different from Each Other Were the Antebellum North and South?。American Historical Review，85，1119-1149。  new window
6.Randall, James G.(1940)。The Blulndering Generation。The Mississippi Valley Historical Review，27，3-28。  new window
圖書
1.Morgan, Edmund S.(1975)。American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia。American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia。New York。  new window
2.Key, V. O.(1964)。Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups。New York：Thomas Y. Crowell Co.。  new window
3.Alden, Richard(1961)。The First South。Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press。  new window
4.Kolchin, Peter(1993)。American Slavery: 1619-1877。New York：Hill and Wang。  new window
5.Thornton, J. Mills, III.(1978)。Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860。Baton Rouge：Louisiana University Press。  new window
6.Potter, David M.、Fehrenbacher, Don E.(1976)。The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861。New York：Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.。  new window
7.Hamilton, Holman(1964)。Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850。Lexington：University of Kentucky Press。  new window
8.McPherson, James M.(1992)。Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction。Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction。New York：McGraw-Hill Inc.。  new window
9.Bartlett, Irving H.(1993)。John C. Calhoun: A Biography。John C. Calhoun: A Biography。New York。  new window
10.Beard, Charles A.(1927)。The Rise of American Civilization。The Rise of American Civilization。New York。  new window
11.Channing, Steven A.(1974)。Crisis of Fear: Secession of South Carolina。Crisis of Fear: Secession of South Carolina。New York。  new window
12.Cooper, William J.、Terrill, Thomas E.(1999)。The American South: A History。The American South: A History。New York。  new window
13.Davis, Jefferson(1957)。The Coming of the Civil War。The Coming of the Civil War。Chicago。  new window
14.Fogel, R. W.、Engerman, Stanley(1995)。Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery。Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery。New York。  new window
15.Fredrickson, George M.(1971)。The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914。The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914。New York。  new window
16.Genovese, Eugene D.(1965)。The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South。The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South。New York。  new window
17.Greene, Jack P.(1988)。Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture。Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture。Chapel Hill。  new window
18.Billias, George Athan、Grob, Gerald N.(1992)。Interpretations of American History。Interpretations of American History。New York。  new window
19.Higham, John(1965)。History: The Development of Historical Studies in the United States。History: The Development of Historical Studies in the United States。New Jersey。  new window
20.Holt, Michael F.(1983)。Political Crisis of the 1850s。Political Crisis of the 1850s。New York。  new window
21.Holt, Michael F.(1992)。Political Parties and American Political Developoment: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln。Political Parties and American Political Developoment: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln。Baton Rouge。  new window
22.Jameson, J. Franklin(1900)。Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1899。Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1899。Washington。  new window
23.McCardell, John(1979)。The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalist and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860。The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalist and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860。New York。  new window
24.Nevins, Allen、亞倫(1947)。Ordeal of the Union。Ordeal of the Union。New York。  new window
25.Nevins, Allen、亞倫(1950)。The Emergence of Lincoln。The Emergence of Lincoln。New York。  new window
26.O'Brien, Michael(1979)。The Idea of the American South, 1920-1941。The Idea of the American South, 1920-1941。Baltimore。  new window
27.Pressly, Thomas J.(1954)。Americans Interpret Their Civil War。Americans Interpret Their Civil War。Princeton。  new window
28.Rhodes, James Ford(1917)。History of the Civil War, 1861-1865。History of the Civil War, 1861-1865。New York。  new window
29.Rhodes, James Ford(1920)。History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896。History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896。New York。  new window
30.Tindall, George Brown(1964)。The Pursuit of Southern History: Presidential Addresses of the Southern Historical Association, 1935-1963。The Pursuit of Southern History: Presidential Addresses of the Southern Historical Association, 1935-1963。Baton Rouge。  new window
31.Wilson, Henry(1875)。History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America。History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America。Boston。  new window
其他
1.(1859)。Alabama Beacon，Alabama。  new window
2.(1860)。DeBow's Review，Louisiana。  new window
3.(1859)。The Weekly Confederation，Alabama。  new window
4.A. W. Fenton Papers。  new window
5.John Henry Rogers Papers，Chapel Hill。  new window
 
 
 
 
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