From the middle period of Ch'ing-dynasty, there were significant improvements in agriculture of Szechwan. In T'o River valley, the most outstanding phenomenon was the rapid expansion of sugarcane. Moreover, in the early twentieth century, the area of sugarcane amounted approximately to 700,000 mou, and the output of sugar amounted approximately to 3,000,000 picul. Because of the production of sugarcane, T'o River Valley became the sugar-producing area, for example, Kin-tang, Chien-yang, Tzu-yang, Tzu-chang, Nei-ching and Fu-shun sugar marketplace. as well as Lu-xian, He-jiang, Jiang-jin, Chungking transportation market. There were many sugar store trooped together in there. Furthermore, Szechwan's sugar may exported to Hupeh, Hunan, Shensi, Kansu, Yunan, Kweichow region. In the trade with neighboring provinces, sugar guild held the balance. Therefore, discuss about the merchant organization and function with regard to study sugar economy and the changes of regional society was importance. In T'o River valley, sugar guild including Ben-pang, Wai-pang (a traveling merchant) and Fan-zuang. Furthermore, may be classified upper-river pang and lower-river pang. In examining the structure of sugar guild, we may usefully distinguish between white sugar pang and brown sugar pang. In Nei-ching market, the members of sugar store there are approximately 120 before 1937, and then in 1940's increased to 200. Obviously, sugar trade In T'o River valley tended towards specialization. In Chungking and Nei-ching marketplace, the sugar-pang constructed a guildhall, held the local autonomy, Especially, the interaction in sugar-pang and the porter pang, boatmen's pang, medicinal-herbs pang, salt pang were held tightly. This paper discusses about sugar economy and the changes of regional society in modern Szechwan. First, the study focus on the form and expand of the sugar guild, it will be help to realize the sugar guild capital with local finance and the exterior trade with the neighboring provinces, and then to observe the influence of sugarcane trade in regional society of Szechwan. Meantime, hope to provide a more objective background about the pattern of economical development in Chinese society.